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eae a ae TERE 


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a pean aT einen cir onren merpreamairanas — 
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See ene soe emeerniag Sh are ES AT TTS 
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yore evens penreingnemnannnnees 
pian eanes Hoeme NaN 
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——s 

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SS re Dae ae aranmenratete eee 
> ae ernermeene 
See ne 
inn Sa Sa er enrnerrs 
nanan nanan oe 
—_ — eer Se eprom arpermcmes ye ane 
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= - = --7 rac an ser rere renee Sn eee 
— =n apnea SADT Pas busty emma 
cee ye ee nena AE AGE ON ee One in a aaa aaa 
eee ee nee oa ITE Ne eet ay acme RT i cetenne M MITT nn pnmrenennecenaneesen 
ance nr ee es sevhadean pad nee ete Re ee ° ———— eee 
ers neem —————— 
ae - eee 
et apnea 

we : = ‘2 
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neta Ferner ea en —— 
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THE 


BY 


JAMES B. SMILEY, A.M. (Harvarp) 
AND 


HELEN L. STORKE, A.B. (vassar) 


INSTRUCTORS IN GREEK AND LATIN IN THE CLEVELAND 
WEST HIGH SCHOOL 


OF THE 


oe 
ei Oe 
SALIFORN\A 
NEW YORK.:-CINCINNATI.-:- CHICAGO 
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 













ORKE. 3 


ST 


7 





PREFACE eS, 


——o$@0-0—_ 


Tuis book is different in some essential points from every other 
designed for beginners now in use in our schools. ‘This fact gives 
the reason for its existefice. 

Its vocabulary is made up largely of words common to Caesar, 
Nepos, and the Viri Romae, and has been selected with great 
care from those found most frequently in these sources. 

The noun and verb have been treated for the most part in 
alternating lessons. ‘Their forms have been analyzed in such a 


manner as to give practical guidance to the pupil, without any 


effort on our part to trace in such analysis the historical devel- 
opment of the words, even where exact knowledge in this line is 
possible. Verb and noun exercises as mere form drill have been 
suggested, rather than given in set exercises. 

Carefully graded reading lessons, fifty in number, are an impor- 
tant feature of the book. About three fifths of these are based on 
Caesar, about one fifth consists of fables, and the rest of a Latin 
version of the Labors of Hercules. These are led up to gradually 
in vocabulary and exercises in such a way as to smooth the path 
of the pupil, and at the same time leave difficulties sufficient to 
compel mental exertion on his part. 

Word formation has been treated in a simple and suggestive 
way, and made practical by brief exercises running through the 


latter half of the book. Word lists occur at intervals, in which 
3 


126957 


2 Ff 


4 PREFACE 


related words are starred. ‘These furnish material to the teacher 
for almost unlimited exercises on vocabulary, form, word compari- 
son, and English derivatives. 

The main part of the book concludes with a series of connected 
English passages for translation into Latin, and colloquia drawn 
from incidents, historical and traditional, in Caesar’s life. These 
may be taken or omitted at the discretion of the teacher. 

The appendix contains a review of forms and constructions, 
with full references to the treatment of the same subjects in the 
text. : 

In spelling we have in most instances used Brambach as our 
authority, and in the marking of hidden quantities we have fol- 
lowed in the main the usage of Marx. We have, for the sake of 
uniformity in the principal parts of verbs, given the masculine 
form of the perfect passive participle, even where, in the nature 
of the case, the neuter form would be used. | 

We wish to acknowledge our especial obligation to Professor John 
Williams White of Harvard University for his kind permission to 
use the results of his experience as embodied in his Greek text- 
books for beginners, and to Dr. Theodore H. Johnston, Principal 
of the Cleveland West High School, for his helpful suggestions 
during the progress of our work. 

We send this book forth in the belief that it will supply a need 
in its department, and lead easily and naturally into the broad 


and beautiful fields of Latin literature. 
JAMES B. SMILEY. 


HELEN L. STORKE. 


CLEVELAND, May, 1898. 


LESSON 


XXII. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


—c0t@x00— 
PAGE 
The Alphabet.— Pronunciation . . . ... +. 2. es II 
Syllables. — Quantity. — Accent 12 
Inflection . ans 15 
First Declension. ay ee ‘ok Adjectives seas wire 16 
First Conjugation, Present and ie ai Indicative Active. 

— Direct Object . 19 
Second Conjugation, Present pat hugertect Indicative Ante 22 
Second Declension, Nouns in -us and -um.—Limiting Gen- 

itive . : 23 
Adjectives of the First sad er ia bicclonsibig — Indirect 

Object. — Kinship of Words. — Word List I. . 25 
Third Conjugation, Present and Imperfect Indicative Active . 28 
Second Declension, Nouns in -er and -ir.—Ablative of Sepa- 

ration : jo. 
Adjectives of the Senohd ‘Decne t Comienlans Lal 

finitive. — Predicate Nominative and Appositive . 32 
Third Declension, Mute Stems, Labials and Palatals 35 
Third Declension, Mute Stems, Linguals ; 37 
Word List II. — How to Read. — Reading Lesson . 2 ae 
Fourth Conjugation, Present and Imperfect Indicative a 

tive.—Ablative of Specification.— Questions and Answers 40 
Third Declension, Liquid and Sibilant Stems . 43 
Third Conjugation, Verbs in -i6, Present and feperiace Te 

dicative Active o. 45 
Third Declension, Liters Ablative of Accs ateeak 47 = 
First and Second Conjugations, Future Indicative Active. — 

Substantive Use of Adjectives ; 49 
I-Stems continued. — Word List III. — Reaies ites ‘ 51 
Third and Fourth Conjugations, Future Indicative Active. — 

Double Dative 54 
Fourth Declension. gl Aa eee Hs oneok Is 55 


5 


LEsson 


XXIII. 


XXIV. 


“ XXV. 


XXVI. 
XXVII. 


XXVIII. 
XXIX, 


YY Xxx. 


“ XXXII. 


as XXXII. 


XXXIIT. 
XXXIV. 


XXXV. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


Cardinal Numerals. — Accusative of Time and Space. — 
Reading Lesson : 

The Irregular Verb Sum, Preiekt, Tniperiot ina Fature. 
— The Relative Pronoun, — Dative of the Possessor . 
First Conjugation, Perfect System, Active.— Ablative of 

Description . 
Ordinal Numerals. Word List Wes Reson Rceon . 
Second Conjugation, Perfect System, Active. — Ablative 
of Time . 
Third Declension, Gane Rules ior eetteg: eae pulsi 
Nouns. ; 
Third Declenson, Hieoctions to Gener Rules for Gen- 
der. — Ablative Absolute. — Reading Lesson 








PAGE 


58 


Third Conjugation, Perfect eee Active. —‘Kblative of 


Cause . 
Adjectives of the Third Ditlensida _ ‘Ablative of bane. 
Fourth Conjugation and Verbs in -i6 of the Third Conju- 
gation, Perfect System, Active.—Word List V.—Read- 
ing Lesson . : ; . 
Comparison of Aajdetiees. Ablative with Compaen 
The Verb Sum, Perfect System. — Possum.—The Fifth 
Declension.— Reading Lesson . . + ore ‘ 
First Conjugation, Passive Voice. >Re of Mesns. ms 
Reading Lesson 


XXXVIV1 Prepositions. — Ablative of the ae Reading ion ‘ 


XXXVI. 
XXXVIII. 


XXXIX. 
¢ XL. 
XLI. 


XLII. 


3 oO oth 


XLIV. 


ory. 


Comparison of Adjectives, Irregular.— Reading Lesson . 
Second Conjugation, Passive Voice.— Word List VI. — 
Reading Lesson : Sis 
Pronominal Adjectives. Rew oe Cannes: Read. 
ing Lesson : : é 
Formation and Cansitiin of ‘Adtaibs = Regaine Sicuon . 
Third Conjugation, Passive Voice.— Simple Forms of In- 
direct Discourse. — Reading Lesson 
Review of Cardinals and Ordinals. = Ablative of Deeres 
of Difference. — Reading Lesson ‘ 
Personal and Reflexive Pronouns, — Redding hati 
Fourth Conjugation, Passive Voice. — Review of the Pas- 
sive. — Word List VII. — Reading Lesson pt > 
Demonstrative Pronouns. — Dative with Adjectives. — 








RORGINg TCMBON ia! ss oo ee eee 


ToI 


104 


106 
108 


III 


113 


LEssoNn 


XLVI. 


un 


XLVIII. 


XLIX. 


LXV. 


LXVI. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


Third Conjugation, Verbs in -i6, Passive Voice.— Dative 
with Intransitives. — Reading Lesson ; 

Possessive Pronouns,— Partitive Genitive. — ladheect Dis- 
course continued. — Reading Lesson . 

Compounds of Sum.— Dative with Compounds Redding 
Lesson . : 

Deponent Verbs. a Mlitive with Certain jRasceens — 
Reading Lesson . . 

Semi-Deponents.— Review of Pinsive —Word List VIII. _ 


Reading Lesson . ee 
Participles. — Reading SEs o> 
Word Formation : 
Word Formation ecistaend: — Root ane, ioc 
Interrogative Pronoun,—Two Accusatives.— Reading Lesa 


— Root spec, see, spy . 2 

Irregular Verbs, Indicative. — Fer6o ina its Conpeninai — 
Reading Lesson. — Root mit, sexd 

Indefinite Pronouns,— Word List IX.— < Reading’ ee 
~ Root fac, make or do 

Irregular Verbs, Vol6 and its Clanisoninds! Beaman Lada 
— Root fer, dear enero SS GF desire 

Review of Pronouns, — Root eu piher : 

Irregular Verbs, Indicative, B6 and Fid. <SOsasig nein of 
Place. — Reading Lesson. — Root da, give 

Subjunctive™ Mood, Sum. — Independent Uses of the Sub- 
junctive.— Reading Lesson. — Root ac, sharp : 

Subjunctive Mood, Sequence of Tenses. — Reading Lesson. 
— Root sta, stand . : ‘ 

Subjunctive Mood, First Sparen wien eeParpdes Clauses — 
Reading Lesson. — Root fa, shine, show . : 

Subjunctive Mood, Second Conjugation.— Verbs of eicing’ 
— Reading Lesson.— Root dic, show, point.— Word 
- List X. leg : 

Subjanctive Mood, Third Conshpakioth = Reet Clawass of 
Purpose. — Reading Lesson. — Root es, de, exist «. . = 

Subjunctive Mood, Fourth Conjugation. — Clauses of Result. 
— Reading Lesson. — Root ag, drive 

Subjunctive Mood, Third Conjugation, Verbs in 48. _ asks 
tive Clauses of Characteristic. — Reading Lesson. — Root 
ten, stretch, hold. 








149 


161 
165 


167 


170 


LESSON 


LXVII. 
LXVIII. 
LXIX. 
LXxX. 


LXXI. 


LXXII. 
LXXIII. 
LXXIV. 
LXXV. 
LXXVI. 
LXXVII. 
LXXVIII. 
LXXIX. 

LXXxX. 


LXXXI. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


Review of the Subjunctive Mood, Regular Verbs. — Indirect 
Questions. — Reading Lesson. — Root cap, fake . 


Subjunctive Mood, Fer6.— Conditional Sentences, Simple. 


— Reading Lesson. — Root reg, stretch, guide . 
Subjunctive Mood, B6.— Future Conditions, — aig 
Lesson. — Root i, go . é ‘ 
Subjunctive Mood, Fis. —Gaudisions Coateoey to Fact, — 
Reading Lesson. — Root luc, skize.— Word List XI. 
Subjunctive Mood, Vol6 and its Compounds. — Noun and 
Adjective Review. — Reading Lesson. — Root mu, mov, 
Cum, Causal and Concessive. — Noun and Adjective 
Review. — Reading Lesson. — Root iug, join, yoke 
Temporal Clauses, Cum Temporal.— Noun and Adjec- 
tive Review: — Reading Lesson. — Root ped, ¢read . 
Imperative Mood, Regular Verbs. — Noun Review. — 


Reading Lesson. — Root cla, ca// SS are 
Imperative Mood, Irregular Verbs. — Noun Review com- 
pleted . 


Gerund and Gerundive. say ee Ways of expressing Bae: 
pose. — Reading Lesson. — Root voc, ca// . ; 

Supine. — Expressions of Purpose.— Reading Lesson. — 
Root flu, fow. — Word List XII. . 

Periphrastic Conjugations. — Dative of the Agope — Read 
ing Lesson. — Root cad, fall . ae 

Indirect Discourse, Principal and Sadowdinate a —- 
Reading Lesson. — Root col, “// 

General Verb Review, Regular Verbs. — Headinai Pao: 
— Root man, ma, measure 

General Verb Review, Irregular Verbs. — 
— Root hab, Zave.— Word List XIII. 


Relating Laeee, 





CONTINUOUS EXERCISES IN LATIN PRosE, I.-XI. . 
Con.LoguliA, I.-XI. . . 

TABLE OF DECLENSION 

TABLE OF CONJUGATION . 

RULES OF SYNTAX 

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS . 

PC AROLARY cGiiss cee a) Ry See 


Pace 


173 
175 
178 


181 


185 
187 
189 
192 
195 
198 
201 
205 
208 
211 


212 


214 
219 
225 
240 
243 
250 
251 


SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 


——00 $04 0-o———_. 


Every Latin exercise should be carefully pronounced by the 
Gantt 
2. Groups of words in common phrases should be committed 
to memory and frequently recited, and brief passages in Latin 
prose or verse should be learned by the pupils. 


_ 3. No word should be accepted from the pupil as correctly 
written unless every syllable long by nature has its mark of quantity. 


4. Constant attention should be called to related words. 


5. The word lists should be made in each case a separate lesson 
and used for emphasizing petit four, as well as for drill in 
remembering words. 


6. “Vocabulary and form” should be made a daily watchword, 
and frequent attention should be called to the terminal parts of 
inflected words as showing their relation to others. 


7. Rapid oral work should be demanded in translating from 
Latin into English and from English into Latin. 


8. No pupil should be allowed in translating to violate in the 
slightest degree the purity of the English idiom. 


g. The reading lessons should be made the basis, whenever 
time serves, of easy colloquia between pupil and teacher or be- 
tween pupil and pupil. 

10. Stories of Roman life should be told in the class, and the 
pupils encouraged in every way to learn more of the people whose 
language they are studying ; Caesar, Cicero, Pompey, and other 
eminent Romans should be made living personalities to them. 


11. Some ideas of the house and of the home life of the Romans 
should be given to the pupils. 


12. The Roman arms, armor, and utensils should be described 
and, as far as possible, shown in pictures and models. 


9 


HANTS: TOLPUPIES 


——0.-0 28 0-0 —— 


1. Observe closely every word, form, and construction as you 
meet it in your work. 


2. Learn each lesson with absolute thoroughness. 


3. Connect each lesson with the preceding one by a systematic 
review in thought of its prominent points. No teacher’s assigned 
review can benefit you so much. 


4. Compare words with one another and note carefully those 
that are related in form and meaning. 


5. Observe the turn in meaning given to the body or root of a 
word by the various prefixes and suffixes. 


6. Try to gain an idea of a new sentence or paragraph by seeing 
the words in the Latin order. Think your way into the meaning. 
Use your imagination to guide you in deciding what a person 
would be likely to say under the circumstances. 


7. Consult the general vocabulary sparingly, and never until you 
have used your utmost endeavor to discern the meaning of a word 
through association or connection. 


8. Observe sharply and pronounce accurately such words as 
you must look up, and make them thoroughly your own. Then 
turn to the vocabulary for their meaning. 


g. Learn to use all helps in the most effective way. Look up 
all references and learn them. Never shirk the effort to under- 
stand and use every suggestion made in note and example. 


10. Read these hints frequently and follow the instructions here 


given. 
10 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


—07Qu00-— 


LESSON I 
THE ALPHABET 


1. The Latin alphabet has twenty-four letters, and is the same 
as the English, except that it lacks j and w. The character i has 
the force of both a vowel and a consonant; k is seldom used ; 
y and z occur chiefly in words borrowed from the Greek. 


2. Vowels. — The vowels are a, e, i, 0, u, y; the other letters 
are consonants. 


3. Vowels may be either long or short. In this book long 
vowels will be marked (~); all others are to be regarded as 


short. 


4. Consonants. — The consonants are divided into Mutes, 
Liquids, Spirants, and Double Consonants. 


labials or p-mutes: pp, b, (ph). 
The mutes are { linguals or t-mutes: t, d, (th). 
palatals or k-mutes: k, c, g, q, (ch). 
mene trie are. eS OSE Eom, ay) 
The spirants are . f, h, s, x, { © ang 5 ate also 


The double consonants are . . . x (cs or gs) and z (ds). 


PRONUNCIATION 


5. The two methods in use are the Roman and the English. 


The Roman is recommended. 
II 


12 | THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


6. Roman Method. — The vowels are pronounced as follows :— 


a like the second a in ahd a like the first @ in ahd 
6 “ e¢ in prey} é “ ¢ in met 
I “ ¢ * machinel p Dinan TE 1 
6 “ o © tonel Br Me wre. Yor 
i “ 00 © tooll %& “ oo * fook 


y is pronounced like the German ii, a sound intermediate between u and i. 


7. The diphthongs are pronounced as follows : — 


ae like az in aisle} oe like o7 in Zoi/ 
au * ou“ our eu “ cu“ feud 
ei “ et “ veini ui “ we 


8. Most of the consonants are pronounced as in English. The 
following points are to be emphasized : — 


c is like ¢ in can v is like w in went 
eS. ig go ph “ ph “ alphabet 
i consonant is like y in yes Ob: Bo eR Seache 

8 is like s in so bs “ ps “ Lips 
Cost eS sen h is a mere breathing 


9. English Method.— In this method the words are in the 
main pronounced as in English. 


—_0594 00—_—_ 


LESSON II 
SYLLABLES — QUANTITY — ACCENT 


10. Syllables.— Each Latin word has as many syllables as it 
has separate vowels and diphthongs. 


11. A single consonant between two vowels is joined with the 
following vowel: a-ni-mus, mind. 


12. Doubled consonants are always separated: pu-el-la, gir/. 





1 But without the English glide. 


SYLLABLES — QUANTITY — ACCENT 13 


13. Of two or more consonants standing between two vowels, 
as many are joined with the following vowel as can be pronounced 
with it: e-pi-stu-la, ///ev; ma-gnus, grea‘; ma-gi-stri, maséers ; 
but in compounds the component parts are separated: sub-le-vé, 


L lift up. 


14. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima; the next 
to the last, the penult ; the one before that, the antepenult. 


15. Quantity of Vowels. — 


NoTE, — A few general rules for determining the length of vowels are here 
given, but in many cases the quantity can be learned by observation only. The 
pupil should carefully note and learn the length of each vowel in every Latin 
word as it occurs in this book. Too much stress cannot be laid upon this 
point. 

1. A vowel before another vowel or h is short: c6-pi-a, abun- 
dance ; mi-hi, 40 me. 

2. A vowel before nd and nt is short: vo-c&n-dus, fo de called ; 
vo-cant, they call. 

3. A vowel formed by contraction is long: nil (ni-hil), xothing. 

4. A vowel before i consonant is long: Pom-pé-ius, Pompey. 

5. A vowel before nf, ns, gm, gn is long: in- -fe-r6, J bring in; 
*in-su-la, island; a-gmen, fine of march ; i-gnis, fire. 

6. Diphthongs are long: cau-sa, cause. 


16. Quantity of Syllables. — Syllables’ are distinguished as 
long or short, according to the time required in pronunciation, 
a long syllable in general requiring double the time of a short 
one. 

1. A syllable containing a long vowel or diphthong is long by 
nature: hi-ius, of “his one; ae-dés, temple. 

“2. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by a double 
consonant or by two or more consonants (except a mute followed 
by or r) is long by position?: vo-cant, they call. 





1 Distinguish carefully between length of syllable and length of vowel. 
2 Such a vowel retains its short sound. 


14 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


3. A syllable containing a short vowel not followed by two or 
more consonants is short. 

4. A syllable ending in a short vowel followed by a mute with 
1 or r is common; that is, the syllable is short in prose, but in 
poetry may be either long or short. 


17. Accent.—1. Words of two syllables are accented on the 
penult : m&-ter, mother. 

2. Words of more than two syllables are-accented on the penult 
if it is long, otherwise on the antepenult : a-mfi-cus, /rzend; d6-mi- 
nus, master. | 

3. The ultima is never accented. 

4. Certain words like -ne, -que, called enclitics and always 
attached to some other word, draw the accent to the syllable 
next preceding, whether this is long or short. 


18. The following list of words should be carefully noted and 
accurately learned. ‘They are in very common use and are often 
mispronounced. 


bene, we// mihi, ¢o me 

cottidié, daily modo, only 

débed, J owe -ne (enclitic), sign of a 
enim, for question 
etiam, also né... quidem, zoft even 
feré, almost né, Zest 

filius, soz pater, father 

hic, here, he quia, because 

Idem (masc.), the same quidam, certain 

idem (neut.), she same quin, dut that 

Infero, J bring in quis, who 

insula, island régno, / rule 

ita, thus réx, king 

Italia, /aly sic, so 

item, /ikewise tot, so many 


mater, mother VErG, in truth 


INFLECTION 1B. 


LESSON III 
INFLECTION 


19. Parts of Speech.— These are, as in English, the noun, 
a jective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and 
interjection. To the last four the common name of particle is 
given. 


20. Inflection. — This is a change made in the form of a word, 
to show its grammatical relations. Of the parts of speech the 
st four are capable of inflection, which in the case of nouns, 
= jjectives, and pronouns is called declension, and, in the case of 
verbs, conjugation. 


21. Declension.— In Latin, declined words have six cases?: 


Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Ablative. 


1. The Nominative is the case of the Subject or Predicate of a 
finite? verb. 

2. The Genitive denotes Possession and some other relations, 
and may usually be translated by the English possessive or by the 
objective with of and some other prepositions. 

3. The Dative is the case of the Indirect Object, and corre- 
sponds to the English objective with z or for. 

4. The Accusative is the case of the Direct Object of transitive 
verbs and of some prepositions. 

5. The Vocative is the case of Direct Address. 

6. The Ablative expresses relations usually translated by the 
English objective with 77, az, on, dy, with, and from, and is often 
accompanied by a preposition. 





1 The group of languages to which the Latin belongs had originally at least 
eight cases; but the Locative and Instrumental have, except in the case of a 
few forms, been absorbed by the others. 

2 A finite verb is any form of the verb found in the Indicative, Subjunctive, 
or Imperative moods. 


16 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


22. Stem.— That part of a noun to which significant suffixes, 
called case endings, are attached is called its Stem. These end- 
ings cannot in all instances be separated from their combination 
with the final vowel of the stem. Tables of terminations, made 
up for the most part of such combinations, will be given with the 
several declensions. ‘These should be thoroughly committed to 
memory. 


23. ‘That part of the word which remains unchanged in inflec- 
tion is for convenience called the Base. A noun is declined by 
joining to the base the proper case endings. 


24. Gender.— There are three genders in Latin: the Mascu- 
line, Feminine, and Neuter. 

The gender of the Latin noun is determined partly by significa- 
tion, but more largely by termination. 


25. General Rules for Gender. — Names of males, rivers, winds, 
mountains, and months are masculine. 

Names of females, countries, cities, islands, trees, and plants are 
feminine. 

Indeclinable nouns are neuter. 

Special rules will be given as needed. 


26. Number.— There are two numbers, as in English, the 
Singular and the Plural, distinguished by their terminations. 


——2039300— 


LESSON IV 
THE FIRST OR A-DECLENSION 


27. There are five declensions in Latin, distinguished by the 
ending of the Genitive singular and the final letter of the stem.’ 





1 See 22. 


THE FIRST DECLENSION 17 


28. Latin nouns of the First Declension end regularly in & and 
are feminine. Those denoting males are masculine. The stem 
ends in &.' 


29. Silva,’ f., forest, wood; stem silva-, base silv- 


TABLE 

SINGULAR PLURAL recat apse hs 
N. silv-a, a forest® silv-ae, forests SING. A PLUR. a@ 
G.  silv-ae, of a forest silv-arum, of forests ae arum 
D. silv-ae, /o a forest, etc. silv-is, Zo forests, etc. ae is 
Ac. silv-am, a forest silv-as, forests am as 
V. silv-a, oh forest silv-ae, oh forests a ae 
Ab. silv-a, from a forest,etc.  silv-Is, from forests, etc. a is 


30. Observe the stem and base as given above. ‘The stem 
may be found by dropping -rum of the Genitive plural. The 
stem vowel joined with the case ending forms the termination. 
_ The terminations added to the base give the several case forms. 


31. ) VOCABULARY 
fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench. alta, high, deep. 
Gallia, ae, f., Gau/ (a country longa, /ong. 
of ancient Europe). magna, /arge, great. 
insula, ae, f., zs/and. et, conj., and. 
porta, ae, f., gaze, door. est,* he,® she, or tt is. 
terra, ae, f., Jand, country. sunt,‘ they are. 


Decline all the nouns and adjectives in the above vocabulary 
like silva. 





1 The stem ended originally in a. 

2 Notice cases having like endings. Learn the base and the table of termi- 
nations, and you will be able to decline any noun of the First Declension. 

8 There is no article in Latin. Silva means forest, a forest, or the forest. 

4 Observe that the third person singular of the verb ends in -t, and the 
third person plural in -nt. This is true of every verb in the language in the 
Indicative and Subjunctive moods. 

5 Est alone means /e 7s, etc.; but with an expressed subject it is translated 
by zs simply. So also of other verbs. 

BEGIN. LAT. BK. — 2 


18 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


32. Examine the following : — 
Insula est magna, she island ts large. 


Observe that insula is the subject of est, and is in the Nomina- 
tive case; and that magna is in the Nominative case, in agreement 
with insula. 


Ru.Les. —1. The subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative 
case. 
2. The adjective agrees with its noun in gender, num- 
ber, and case. 


33. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Fossa est alta. 2. Porta est alta et longa. 3. Terra est 
magna. 4. Galliaest magna. 5. Insulae sunt magnae. 6. Portae 
sunt magnae et longae. 7. Silvae sunt magnae. 8. Fossae sunt 
longae. 9g. Fossae sunt altae et longae. 10. Porta est magna. 


Pronounce the above exercise with careful attention to quantity 
and accent. After translating, copy the Latin accurately, marking 
the quantity of all long vowels and indicating accented syllables. 
. This practice is valuable, and, if continued for the first fifteen or 
sixteen lessons, will amply repay you for the time spent. 

In the following exercise, and in all your future translations into, 
Latin, mark the quantity of the vowels in all syllables long by 
nature. 


II. 1. The ditch is long. 2. The islands are large. 3. The 
gate is high and long. 4. Gaul is large. 5. The land is large. 
6. The ditches are deep. 7. The gates are high. 8. The island 
is long. 





ANCIENT Roman Coins 


THE FIRST CONJUGATION 19 


LESSON V 


THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PRESENT AND IMPERFECT 
TENSES —THE DIRECT OBJECT 


34. The Latin verb is regularly inflected through four conju- 
gations, distinguished by the vowel preceding the ending -re of 
the Present Infinitive active: a in the First Conjugation, é in the 
Second, & in the Third, andiin the Fourth. Examples: voca-re, 
to call; moné-re, fo advise ; rege-re, fo rule; audi-re, 0 hear. 


35. Voice. — Mood. — The Latin has two voices, the Active and 
the Passive, and three moods, the Indicative, Subjunctive, and 
Imperative, besides other forms of the verb: Infinitive, Participle, 
Gerund, and Supine, to be explained later. 


36. Tenses.— The Latin has, in the Indicative mood, six 
tenses, the Present, Imperfect, and Future, called tenses of 
continued action, and Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, 
called tenses of completed action. 

Each tense is inflected through two numbers, the singular and 
the plural. 


37. Principal Parts. — The principal parts of a Latin verb in 
the active voice consist of the first pers. sing. Pres. Ind. act., the 
Pres. Inf. act., the first pers. sing. Perf. Ind. act., and the Perf. 
Pass. Participle. 

They are so called because from them all parts of the verb may 
be formed. 


Example: Pres. IND. PrEs. INF, PERF. IND. PERF. PART. 
voco vocare vocavi vocatus 


38. Stems. — Verb forms are built upon three stems, the Pres- 
ent, the Perfect, and the Participial. 

The Present stem of verbs of the First Conjugation ends in a, 
and may be found by dropping the ending -re of the Pres. Inf. 
act.: voca-re, Zo ca//; stem voca. 


20 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


39. Personal Endings. —'The Present tense is formed from the 
Present stem by adding to it the following endings, which should 
be thoroughly committed to memory. 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
First Person -m (or -6)! -mus 
Second “ -8 -tis 
Third “ -t -nt 


All verbs whose Present stem ends in a are classed under the 
First Conjugation. 


40. Vocs, J call. Pres. stem voca- 
Princ. Parts, voc-6, voca-re, voca-vi, voca-tus 
SINGULAR PRESENT TENSE PLURAL 
I. voc-6,? 73 cal/4 voca-mus, we call 


2. voca-s,° thou callest (you call) voca-tis, you call 
3. voca-t, he calls voca-nt, they call 


41. In the Indicative, -ba is the sign of the Imperfect tense. 
The Imperfect tense of vocd consists of the Present stem voca 
+ the Imperfect tense-sign, ba + personal endings. 


IMPERFECT TENSE 


I. voca-ba-m, / called® voca-ba-mus, we called 
2. voca-ba-s,you called voca-ba-tis, you called 
3. voca-ba-t, he called voca-ba-nt, they called 





1 These endings are remnants of old pronouns, used as subjects, which by 
their form indicate the person of the verb. ries 

2'Voc-6 is for voca-6. Instead of m, 6 is generally used as the ending 
of the first pers. Pres. Ind. act. In the First Conjugation it absorbs 4 of the 
stem. See 39. 

8 Observe that in English the personal pronouns, when used as subjects, 
are expressed and precede the verb; that in Latin they are not expressed as 
separate words (except for emphasis), but are indicated by suffixes. The 
same is true of modifications of mood, tense, and number. It is the end of a 
verb, then, that must be examined to determine its relations of mood, tense, 
person, and number: voca-t, calls-he ; i.e. he calls. 

4 Also, J am calling or do call. 

5 Always used when but one person is referred to, and usually translated 
you call. 

6 Also, and frequently, J was calling or did call, 


THE DIRECT OBJECT aI 
42. Examine the following : — 


Agricola nautam vocat, the farmer calls the sailor. 


Nautam is the direct object of vocat, and is in the Accusative 
case. 


Rute. — The direct object of a transitive verb is in the Accusa- 


tive case. 

43. VOCABULARY 
agricola, ae, m., farmer. convoco, are, avi, atus, ca// to- 
nauta, ae, m., sazlor. gether. 
provincia, ae, f., province. laud6, are, avi, atus, prazse. 
ripa, ae, f., river bank. in, prep. with Acc., 27/0, against; with 
bona, good. AblL., 27, 0”, upon, over. 
dénsa, dense, thick. erant, they were (there were). 


erat, he was (there was). 


Norte. — Inflect with suitable objects selected from the vocabulary con- 
voc6 and laudG, in the Present and Imperfect tenses, translating the forms 
in each case. 


44. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Agricola nautas vocat. 2. Nauta agricolas in silvam con- 
vocabat. 3. Nauta in provincia magna est. 4. Agricolas in dénsas 
silvas convocgbant. 5. Nautae in alta ripa erant. 6. Silva est 
dénsa et magna. 7. Provincia magna est in Gallia. 8. Nautas 
in Insulam magnam convocabas. 9g. Fossae in provincia erant 
bonae. 10. Nautas et agricolas laudabamus. 11. In Galliam 
nautas convocas. 


II. 1. The sailor was calling the farmers. 2. The farmers were 
in the dense woods. 3. The provinces were large. 4. The sailors 
were on the high river bank. 5. The woods were high and dense. 
6. He called the sailors into Gaul. 7. You were calling together 
the sailors into the large province. 8. The island is large and 
long. 9. We are praising the farmers in the large province. 
10. They were praising the sailors on the island. 


22 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON VI 


THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PRESENT AND IMPERFECT 
P TENSES 


45. All verbs whose Present stem ends in 6 are classed under 
the Second Conjugation. 


46. Moneo, / advise or warn. Pres. Stem moné- 
Princ. Parts, mone-6, moné-re, mon-ui, moni-tus 
SINGULAR —-~PRESENT TENSE PLURAL . 
I. mone-6, / advise or am advising moné-mus, we advise, etc. 
2. moné-s, you advise, etc. moné-tis, you advise, etc. 
3. mone-t, he advises, etc. mone-nt, they advise, etc. 
IMPERFECT TENSE 3 
I. moné-ba-m, J advised or was moné-ba-mus, we advised, etc. 
advising 

2. moné-ba-s, you advised, etc. moné-ba-tis, you advised, etc. 
3. moné-ba-t, he advised, etc. moné-ba-nt, they advised, etc. 


47. The Imperfect tense of mone6 consists of the present stem 
moné + the Imperfect tense sign -ba + the personal endings. 
See 39. 


Note. —Inflect mone@ in the singular with the direct object agricolam, 
and in the plural with nautas. Inflect all the verbs in the following vocabu- 
lary with suitable objects selected from Vocabularies 1-3. Translate your 
forms into English, taking them in irregular order, and render them again into 
Latin in the same way. Repeat this exercise with every verb-paradigm given 
in this book. 


48. VOCABULARY 
Belgae, 4rum, m. pl., tre Belgae} arm6, dre, avi, atus, arm. 

a people of Gaul. habe6, Ere, ui, itus, ave. 
Celtae, drum, m. pl., “he Celts, a proper6, are, avi, atus, asten. 
people of Gaul. video, Ere, vidi, visus, see. 

cOpia, ae, f., abundance; in pl., szp- non, adv., zo7. 
plies, troops. per, prep. w. Acc., through. 
via, ae, f., way, road. saepe, adv., often. 





1 Many Latin proper names are rendered by the same form into English. 


THE SECOND DECLENSION 23 


49. EXERCISES ' 

I. 1. Belgae per provinciam San ~. Video magnam 
ators 3. Gallia longas vias habet: »4. Celtae agricolas in 
dénsis silvis armabant. -5.¢@Belgas in Gallia saepe vidébamus. 
6. Belgae cOpias in provinciam vocabant. 7. Dénsas silvas in 
insulis magnis vident. 8. Per magnas silvas in provinciam pro- 
perabam. 9g. Celtas et Belgas in Gallia videbat. 10. In via longa 
agricolas non videt. 


II. 1. We were often seeing farmers on the road. 2. They 
were warning the sailors and farmers. 3. You were hastening into 
the province. 4. We see the high gates. 5. We were not hasten- 
ing through the dense forests. 6. There’ are farmers in the forest 
and sailors on the island. 7. The Belgae were in the large and 
dense forests. 8. We were often calling the sailors together into 
the island. 


—-095 00 ——. 


LESSON VII 
THE SECOND DECLENSION—NOUNS IN -us AND -um 


50. Légatus, i, m., Zeutenant, Bellum, i, n., war; TABLE OF TERMINA- 


ambassador; Stem 16- Stem bello-, base TIONS 
gato-, base légat- bell- Mase. Neut. 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SG. PL. SG. PL. 
N. légat-us légat-i bell-um bell-a us iI um a 
G, légat-I légat-Grum bell-I bell-Grum I OGrum I 6rum 
D. légat-6 légat-is bell-6 _—ibeli-is 6 is 6 6is 
Ac. légat-um légat-6s bell-um bell-a? um 6s um a 
V. légat-e légat-i bell-um bell-a e.i um a 
_ Ab. légat-6 légat-is bell-6 _—bell-is 6 is 5 «is 


51. Nouns in -us are usually masculine, in -um neuter. The 
stem ends in o, and is formed by dropping -rum of the Gen. plur. 





1 Omit ¢here in translating, Sunt agricolae, etc. In such sentences 
there is redundant, and has no Latin equivalent. 

2 All neuter nouns have their Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative alike, 
and in the plural they always end in a. 


24 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Learn carefully the table of terminations, and observe that a 
noun in -us or -um of the Second Declension is inflected by joining 
those endings to the base, which is found by dropping i of the 
Genitive singular. 

Inflect all nouns in the following vocabulary. 


52. Examine the following : — 
Fossae agricolarum erant longae, the farmers’ ditches were long. 


Observe that agricolarum limits fossae, and is in the Genitive 
case. 


RuLE. — A noun limiting another noun and denoting a different 
person or thing is in the Genitive case. 


53. Examine the following : — 


1. Belgae agricolas armant, “le Beleae are arming the farmers. 
2. Agricolas Belgae armant, the Belgae are arming the farmers. 
3. Agricolas armant Belgae, ‘he Belgae are arming the farmers. 
4. Armant Belgae agricolas, he Belgae are arming the farmers. 


In 1, no special emphasis is laid on any one word; in 2 
agricolas is emphatic ; in 3, Belgae; in 4, armant. 

The normal order of a Latin sentence is: subject, modifiers of 
the subject, modifiers of the verb, verb; but this order is con- 
stantly changed for the sake of emphasis. 


b 


54. - VOCABULARY 
Aquitani, 6rum, m. pl., “he Agui- opptigns, are, avi, atus, aizack, as- 
tani, a people of Gaul. sault. 
castra, Orum, n. pl., camp. ad, prep. w. Acc., 40, towards, near. 
nintius, I,? m., messenger. multa, much, pl. many. 
oppidum, I, n., zow7. quoque, conj., a/so (always following 
lata, broad, wide. the emphatic word). 


move6o, Ere, m6vi, motus, move. 





1 Or Aguitanians. Many Latin proper names have in their translation 
both a Latin and an English form. 

2 Nouns in -ius and -ium often make the Genitive singular in a single 
I, with no change of accent, 


ADJECTIVES OF FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION 25 


55. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Oppida latas portas habent. 2. Ad castra Belgarum nau- 
tae properabant. 3. Non saepe agricolae oppida oppugnant. 
4. Nuntii in castra Belgarum multas copias convocabant. 5. Op- 
pida Aquitanorum quoque oppugnabant. 6. In castris Celtarum 
nautas armabamus. 7. Per castra ad oppidum agricolae prope- 
rant. 8. Belgae copias in castra convocant. 9g. Celtae quoque 
ad oppidum saepe properant. 10. Aquitani castra saepe move- 
bant. 


IJ. 1. The Belgae assault a town of the Celts. 2. The Aqui- 
tanians also hasten to the town. 3. The Celts move their’ camp. 
4. We often saw the towns of the Aquitanians. 5. They were 
warning the sailors of the province. 6. There® were messengers 
of the Belgae in the town. 7. The lieutenants are arming the 
farmers in the broad province. 8. We were praising the troops of 
the Aquitanians. 


—otgzo0o— 
LESSON VIII 


ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION — 
INDIRECT OBJECT 


56. Fidus, m., fida, f., fidum, n., Saithful 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
Mase. Fem, Neut. Mase. Fem. Neut. 
N.  fid-us fid-a fid-um fid-i fid-ae fid-a 
G.  fid-I fid-ae fid-i fid-Grum_  fid-adrum i fid-6rum 
D. fid-6 fid-ae fid-6 fid-is fid-is fid-is 
Ac. fid-um- _fid-am fid-um fid-6s fid-as fid-a 
V.  fid-e fid-a fid-um fid-i fid-ae fid-a 
Ab. fid-6 fid-a fid-6 fid-is fid-is fid-is 





1 The possessives my, your, his, their, etc., when not emphatic, are fre- 
quently left untranslated. 
2Omit. See 49, n, 


26 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


57. Observe that this adjective is declined in the feminine like 
a noun of the First Declension, and in the masculine and neuter 
like nouns of the Second Declension in -us and -um respectively. 

Decline together nauta fidus, frimentum multum, carrus mag- 
nus. Observe that an adjective agrees with its noun in gender, 
number, and case, but not always in form. 


58. Examine the following : — 
Belgae populd Romano frimentum dant, the Belgae give grain to 
the Roman people. 


Observe that popul6 Romano represents the persons to whom 
the grain is given, and that it is in the Dative case. 


Rute. — The Dative is the case of the indirect object, and is 
used with verbs of giving, and others whose meaning 


permits. 
59. VOCABULARY 
Aquitania, ae, f., Aguitania, a divi- do, dare, dedi, datus, give. 
sion of Gaul. contra, prep. w. Acc., against, 


arma, Orum, n. pl., arms. 

carrus, I, m., caré. 

filia,! ae, f., daughter. 

frimentum, I, n., grain, pl., crops 
of grain. 

Galli, Grum, m. pl., Gazds. 

incola, ae, m. and f., ixhabitant. 

inopia, ae, f., scarcity, lack. 

populus, I, m., people. 

Romanus, a, um,? Roman. 

populus R6mianus,? Roman people. 

compar6, are, avi, atus, prepare, 
provide. 








1 The Dative and Ablative plural is generally filiabus. 
2 The adjectives previously given have masculine and neuter forms of the 


Second Declension. 
8 Always in this order, used in the singular, and with the verb in the 


singular. 


THE INDIRECT OBJECT 27 


60. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Inopia frimenti est in Aquitania. 2. Galli carrds incolis 
oppidi magni dant. 3. Belgae contra populum Romanum bellum 
comparabant. 4. Filia bona agricolae nautis frimentum dat. 
5. Populus Romanus frumentum multum in lata provincia com- 
parabat. 6. Galli incolas fidos magnorum oppidorum armant. 
7. Incolae oppidi multa arma comparant. 8. Galli filiabus agri- 
colarum arma non dabant. g. Filiam bonam nautae in silva dénsa 
vident. 10. Belgae contra populum Romanum properabant. 


II. 1. The Gauls give arms to the faithful inhabitants of the 
towns. 2. Aquitania isin Gaul. 3. The faithful farmers are pro- 
viding much grain. 4. The sailor’s daughter saw the farmers on 
the high river bank. 5. There is a great scarcity of carts in the 
province. 6. The Belgae do not give arms to the daughters of 
the faithful farmers. 7. The Gauls are hastening against the 
Roman people. 8. The inhabitants of the town were faithful.’ 


61. KINSHIP OF WORDS 


Study the following list with great care, and do not leave it 
until you have thoroughly mastered it, so that you know every 
Latin word and its English equivalent. 

Note all words — marked by double stars —that are related to 
one another in form and meaning. Learn these by associating 
them together; as, arma, arms; armd, J arm; vocod, J call; 
eon-voco, / call together; Galli, Gauls; Gallia, Gau/. 

The words marked with a single star are related to one or more 
found in other lists. These should be noted and retained in 
memory with especial care, as an aid to the acquisition of their 
kindred words. ‘Those similarly marked in subsequent lists refer 
both backward and forward, and will serve as a review of related 
words already learned as well as an aid in acquiring new words 
which are akin to them. 





1 Nom. plur. masc., in agreement with the subject. 


28 


THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


porta 

propero 

provincia 

quoque 

ripa 
*ROmanus 

saepe 

silva 
*sunt 

terra 

via 
*vided 


¥**yocd 


62. WORD LIST | 

ad *comparo fossa *longus 
*agricola *contra *frimentum *magnus 
*altus **convoco **Galli *moneod 
** A quitani *cOpia **Gallia *moved 
** A quitania dénsus *habeo *multus 
**arma *d6 in *nauta 
**armo *erant *incola *ndn 

Belgae *erat inopia *niintius 
*bellum *est *insula *oppidum 
*bonus et *latus *oppignd 

carrus *fidus laudo "sper 
*castra *filia *légatus *populus 

Celtae 

—-0594 0o——_ 
\.. 
LESSON IX 
THE THIRD CONJUGATION, PRESENT AND IMPERFECT 
TENSES 
63. Rego, 7 rule. Present Stem rege- 


Princ. Parts, reg-6, rege-re, réx-i, réc-tus 


SINGULAR PRESENT TENSE 


I. reg-6, / rule, etc. 
2. regi-s, you rule 
3. regi-t, he rules 


IMPERFECT TENSE 
I. regé-ba-m, / ruled or was ruling 
2. regé-ba-s, you ruled 
3. regé-ba-t, he ruled 


PLURAL 
regi-mus, we rule, etc. 
regi-tis, you rule 
regu-nt, they rule 


regé-ba-mus, we ruled 
regé-ba-tis, you ruled 
regé-ba-nt, they ruled 


64. All verbs whose Present stem ends in & are regularly classed 


under the Third Conjugation. 


The vowel & is dropped before 6, becomes u before nt, and i 


before the other endings of the Present Indicative active. 


of the Imperfect tense is long. 


The 6 


THE THIRD CONJUGATION 29 


NoTE. — A thorough review should here be made of the preceding verb- 
paradigms, and the verbs in the following vocabulary should be inflected like 
rego. See also 47, note. 


65. VOCABULARY 
animus, I, m., znd, spirit. €diico, ere, diixi, ductus, /ad 
proelium,! I, n., dazzle. out. 


télum, I, n., missile, weapon, javelin. gerd, ere, gessi, gestus, wage, carry 
tribtinus, I, m., “ridune, a Roman on. 

officer. incol6, ere, colui, cultus, /ive in, 
contend6, ere, di, tentus, contend, inhabit. 

hasten. quondam, adv., once. 
diico, ere, dixi, ductus, /ad. cum, prep. w. Abl., with. 


66. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Belgae bellum longum cum populd Romano gerunt. 
2. Galli et? Belgae et Aquitani Galliam incolunt. 3. Populus 
Romanus cum Belgis contendébat. 4. Tribunus fidus incolis 
oppidorum arma dabat. 5. Copia telorum in magno oppido 
Gallorum erat. 6. Tribunus oppidi incolas ad silvas quondam 
educebat. 7. Belgae ad proelium properabant. 8. Animus quo- 
que filiae est bonus. 9. Populus Romanus quondam Galliam 
regebat. 10. Nautae fidi ad ripam altam contendunt. 11. Tri- 
bunos populi Romani quondam laudabamus. 

II. 1. The Belgae were carrying on war with the Gauls. 2. The 
tribune often gives grain to the faithful inhabitants of the town. 
3. The Aquitani were contending with the lieutenant’s® forces. 
4. There* is a great scarcity of grain in the province of the Roman 
people. 5. The farmers also were hastening to the large town. 
6. They are leading out the inhabitants of the towns into the 
camp. 7. You were often carrying on war with the Aquitanians. 
8. The Celts inhabit the large towns. 9. We were praising the 
lieutenant’s weapons. 





1 See 54, n. 2. 
2 In a series of words et is either used with each additional word or omitted 


altogether. 
8 See 21, 2, - Omit. See 49, n. 


30 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON X 
THE SECOND DECLENSION—NOUNS IN -er AND -ir 


67.  Puer, eri, m., doy; Ager, ri, m., feld; Vir, i, m., man; TABLE OF 
Stem puero-,base Stemagro-,base Stemviro-,base TERMI- 


puer- agr- vir- NATIONS 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING, PLU. °° ~'SG; "PL: 
N.V. puer puer-i ager agr-i vir vir-i — i 
G. puer-I puer-Grum agr-I. agr-6rum vir-i vir-Grum i drum 
D. puer-6  puer-is agr-O agr-is vir-6 vir-is 66s 
Ac. puer-um puer-6s agr-um agr-6s  vir-umvir-6s um 6s 
Ab. puer-G  puer-is agr-O agr-is vir-6  vir-is re) is 


68. Nouns of the Second Declension in -er and -ir are mascu- 
line. The stem ends-in o, as in nouns in -us and -um. Note, also, 
the base to which the endings are joined to 
make the various case-forms. It is found by 
dropping i of the Genitive singular. 

Observe that the table of terminations is the 
same as in nouns in -us, except that the end- 
ing is lacking in the Nominative and Vocative 
singular. 


69. Like puer, decline — 
gener, eri, m., son-in-law. 
socer, eri, m., father-in-law. 
liberi, Srum, m. pl., chi/dren (freeborn?). 
armiger, eri, m., armor bearer. 
signifer, eri, m., standard bearer. 
vesper, eri, m., evening. 


Learn these words. Most nouns of the SS 


Second Declension in -er are declined like ager. 








70. Examine the following : — SIGNIFER 


1. Légatum vita privat, he deprives the ambassador of life. 
2. Nintium cura liberat, he frees the messenger from care. 





SSS 


1 Compare liberi, liber ( free) and liber6 (deliver), 







UNIVERSITY 

THE SECOND SE ENSION 31 
mn ALIFORN Pe 

Observe that privat and liberat are verbs of depriving and free- 
ing, and that they are used with the Ablative case without a prep- 


osition. 


Rute. — Verbs of depriving and freeing take the Ablative without 
a preposition. 


This rule extends to adjectives of like meaning: filia agricolae 
cura libera' erat, the farmer's daughter was free from care. 

In case of other verbs of separation the usage varies, some 
taking the ablative with a preposition, some without, and some 
admitting either construction. 


71. VOCABULARY 


aper, apri, m., wi/d doar. priv6, are, avi, atus, deprive. 
ctira, ae, f., care. prohibe6, Gre, ul, itus, prohidit, 
magister, tri, m., master, teacher. keep from, hinder. 

vita, ae, f., i7e. a,? ab, prep. w. Abl., from, away 
novus, a, um, ew. Jrom, by. 


libero, are, avi, atus, free, deliver. 


ees EXERCISES 


I. x. Tribuni légatos armis privant. 2. Magistri liberos cura 
liberant. 3. In latis et dénsis silvis multos apros vides. 4. Ab 
oppido in castra nova contendébant. 5. Galli multa bella gerunt. 
6. Leégatds proelio prohibebant. 7. Incolae Aquitaniae multa tela 
habent. 8. Castra populi Romani magna erant. 9g. Galli cum 
Aquitanis saepe contendunt. 10. Carros ad castra Gallorum 
movet. 11. Tribuni populi ROmani nuntios vita privant. 12. So- 
cer generum vita privat. 13. Multi armigeri in castris populi 
Romani erant. 

II]. 1. Weare freeing the messengers of the Gauls from care. 


2. The master’s children are in the camp of the Roman people. 
3. The Aquitani were waging war near the large and dense for- 





1 From liber, libera, liberum. 
2 4 before consonants, ab before vowels and often before consonants. 


32 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


est. 4. I was hastening from the island to the town. 5. The 
Gauls were depriving the Roman people of grain. 6. We were 
keeping the Gauls from battle. 7. The master was giving arms 
to the farmer’s children. 8. There are wild boars in the forest. 
g. They were leading out the inhabitants of the town into the 
fields. 1o. The standard bearers of the Roman people hastened 
into the camp. 


—20594 00——_ 


LESSON XI 


ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION IN -er, 
-a, -um— COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE, PREDICATE NOMI- 


NATIVE, AND APPOSITIVE 


73. Miser, era, erum, wretched. Masc. like puer 
SINGULAR 
N.V. miser miser-a miser-um 
G. miser-i miser-ae miser-i 
D. miser-6 miser-ae miser-6 
Ac. miser-um miser-am miser-um 
Ab. miser-6 miser-a miser-6 
PLURAL 
N.V. miser-i miser-ae miser-a 
G. miser-Orum miser-arum miser-O6rum 
D. miser-is miser-is miser-is 
Ac. miser-6s miser-as miser-a 
Ab. miser-is miser-is miser-is 
Noster, tra, trum, our, ours. Masc. like aper 
SINGULAR 
N.V. noster nostr-a nostr-um 
G.  nostr-i nostr-ae nostr-i 
D. nostr-6 nostr-ae nostr-6 
Ac. nostr-um nostr-am nostr-um 
Ab. nostr-6 nostr-a nostr-6 


COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE 33 


PLURAL 
N.V. nostr-i nostr-ae nostr-a 
G nostr-6rum nostr-arum nostr-6rum 
D.  nostr-is nostr-is nostr-is 
Ac. nostr-6s nostr-as nostr-a 
Ab. nostr-is nostr-is nostr-is 


What are the stems of miser, masc., fem., and neut.? of noster? 
What is the base of each word? 
Decline miser agricola, noster puer, liber populus. 


74. Examine the following :— 


1. Constituunt oppidum oppiignare, “hey decide to attack the town. 
2. Maturat liberds convocare, fe hastens to call the children 
together. 


Observe that the use of the Infinitive in the above is exactly the 
same as in the English sentences. 


Rute. — The Infinitive is used with verbs meaning to decide, 
hasten, begin, and in general with those requiring a 
second action of the same subject to complete their 
meaning (Complementary Infinitive). 


75. Examine the following : — 


1. Aquitani sunt incolae Galliae, the Aquitani are inhabitants of 
Gaul. 

2. Aquitani, incolae Galliae, multa bella gerunt, “he Aguitani, 
inhabitants of Gaul, are waging many wars. 


In I, incolae is a predicate noun, and agrees in case with the 
subject, Aquitani; in 2, it limits Aquitani, denotes the same 
persons, and agrees with it in case. 


RuLes. — 1. A noun in the predicate, with an intransitive verb, 
agrees with the subject in case. 

2. A noun limiting another, and denoting the same 

person or thing, is said to be in apposition with it, 


and agrees with it in case. 
BEGIN. LAT. BK.— 3 


34 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


76. VOCABULARY 
Helvétii, 6rum, m. pl., she Helvetiz, liber, era, erum, /vee. 

a people of Gaul. pulcher, chra, chrum, Jeautiful. 
signum, I, n., standard. cOnstitus, ere, Ii, titus, decide, we- 
cottidianus, a, um, daz/y. termine. 
créber, bra, brum, frequent, nu- matiro, are, avi, atus, hasten. 

merous. cottidéi, adv., dazly. (Observe the 
fortissimus, a, um, Jdravest, very relation between cottidianus and 

brave. cottidié.) 

77. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Belgae Gallorum fortissimi sunt. 2. Saepe cum Gallis 
contendunt. 3. Maturat nuntios populi Romani in castra convo- 
care. 4. Constituit bellum cum Gallis gerere. 
5. Frumentum Helvétiis cottidie dat. 6. Vide- 
mus in castris signum pulchrum. 7. Filiam 
agricolae cura liberat. 8. Nuntius Gallorum 
cura liber est. 9. Maturabat tela et signa 
legatis dare. sro. Constituit cum Helvetiis, 
incolis Galliae, bellum gerere. 11. Celtae in- 
colae Galliae sunt. 12. Constituit cum multis 
nautis in oppidum properare. 13. Socer cum 
genero in oppidum properabat. 





II. 1. The farmer’s beautiful daughter is in 
the large town. 2, We decide to give grain 
to the messengers of the Roman people. 3. There were fre- 
quent battles in the woods. 4. The tribunes decided to give 
the new weapons and the beautiful standards to the lieutenants. 
5. There were daily battles in the province. 6. We see the new 
standards and arms of the Gauls. 7. The Belgae,’ the Celts, 
and the Aquitanians inhabit Gaul, a large land. $8. He was once 
in Aquitania, a good and beautiful land. 9. The sailors were 
inhabitants of a large island. 10. The children of the armor 
bearer are in the camp. 


SIGNA 





1 See 66, I, 2. 


THE THIRD DECLENSION 35 


LESSON XII 


THE THIRD DECLENSION, MUTE STEMS — LABIAL AND 
PALATAL MUTES 


78. Stems of the Third Declension end in i or a consonant. 
Those ending in a consonant may be divided into mute and liquid 
stems. 

1. Mute stems may be subdivided into labial, palatal, and 
lingual stems. 

2. Labial stems end in band p. Those in b (except chalybs, 
steel) are feminine; those in p are chiefly masculine; none are 
neuter. 

3. Palatal stems end in ec or g. Those in ec preceded by a 
consonant or long vowel are chiefly feminine ; those in e preceded 
by a short vowel and those in g are chiefly masculine. 

4. The stem is found by dropping the ending -is of the Geni- 
tive singular: dux, duc-is, stem duc. ‘The base is the same as 
the stem. 

5. The Nominative is formed from the stem by adding s, but 
note vowel changes in some instances, as in princeps, principis, 
stem princip-; c and g of the stem unite with s of the Nomina- 
tive ending to form x. 


79. PALATAL AND LABIAL STEMS 
Dux, ducis, m., /eader ; -Léx, légis, f., Zaw ; TABLE OF 
Stem and base duc- Stem and base lég- TERMINATIONS 
SING, PLUR, SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
N.V.dux  duc-és léx lég-és s és 
G. duc-is duc-um lég-is 1lég-um is um 
D. duc-i duc-ibus lég-i lég-ibus I ibus 
Ac. duc-em duc-és 1ég-em lég-és em és 
Ab. duc-e duc-ibus lég-e lég-ibus e ibus 





1 This article is to be used chiefly for reference. 


36 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Princeps, ipis, m., eading man, chief; é TABLE OF 
Stem and base princip- TERMINATIONS 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR, 
N.V. princep-s princip-és s és 
G. princip-is princip-um is um 
D.  princip-i princip-ibus I ibus 
Ac. princip-em princip-és em és 
Ab. princip-e princip-ibus e ibus 
80. VOCABULARY 
auxilium, i, n., ad, help. paro, are, Avi, atus, prepare. 
Dumnorix, igis, m., Dumnorix. pons, ere, posui, positus, /zzch, 
filius,! I, m., soz. place. 
Orgetorix, igis, m., Orgetorix. porto, are, avi, atus, carry. 
réx, régis, m., 47ng. continenter, adv., continually. 


quod, conj., decause. 


81. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Orgetorix Helvetiorum quondam erat dux. 2. Dumnorix 
bellum continenter gerit. 3. Agricolae frimentum in oppidum 
HelvéetiOrum portabant. 4. Princeps castra in agris ponébat. 
5. Helvétii fortissimi sunt quod bellum saepe gerunt. 6. Rex 
populo Romano auxilium saepe dabat. 7. Filil regis in castris 
Gallorum erant. 8. Mi fili,) dux castra movet, quod inopia fri- 
menti in agris est. 9. Belgae legatum ab oppido prohibebant. 
10. Dux HelvétiOrum frimentum parare constituit. 


II. 1. The king gives arms to his son. 2. My son, the Gauls 
are keeping the lieutenant from their towns. 3. The Helvetii are 
continually waging war. 4. The chief decides to move the camp. 
5. The farmers do not often give aid to the inhabitants of the 
town. 6. The lieutenant is hastening to prepare arms. 7. They 
called the leaders together into the camp. 8. The children of the 
kings were in the town. 9g. The laws of the Roman people were 
often good. 





1 The Vocative of filius is fli. Jy son = mi fill. 


THE THIRD DECLENSION, LINGUAL STEMS 37 


LESSON XIII 
THE THIRD DECLENSION, LINGUAL STEMS 


82.' Nouns whose stems end in a lingual (t, a) drop the final 
letter of the stem before s in forming the Nominative singular: 
aestas, aestat-is, stem aestat-. Neuters have for the Nominative 
the simple stem with some modifications: caput, capit-is, stem 
capit-. Neuter stems ending in two consonants or in -at, drop 
the final letter in forming the Nominative: cor, cord-is, heart, 
stem cord-; poeéma, poemat-is, foem, stem poémat-. 


83, Miles, militis, m., so/dier; Obses, idis, m. and f., Aostage; ‘TABLE OF TERMI- 


Stem and base milit- Stem and base obsid- NATIONS 
SING, PLUR, SING, PLUR. Masc.& Fem, Neut. 
N.V. miles 2 milit-és obses obsid-és s 6 —a 


G. milit-is milit-um oobsid-is obsid-um is um is um 
D. milit-i milit-ibus obsid-i obsid-ibus i ibus I ibus 
Ac. milit-em wmilit-és obsid-em obsid-és em 6s —a 

Ab. milit-e milit-ibus obsid-e obsid-ibus e ibus e ibus 


Aestas,? atis, f., swmmer; Caput,‘ itis, n., ead; TABLE OF TERMI- 


Stem and base aestat- Stem and base capit- NATIONS 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. Masc.&> Fem. Neut. 
N.V. aestas aestat-€s caput capit-a s 68 —a 


G. aestat-is aestat-um capit-is capit-um is um is um 
D. aestat-I aestat-ibus capit-i capit-ibus I  ibus I ibus 
Ac. aestat-em aestat-6s caput capit-a em 6s —a 

Ab. aestat-e aestat-ibus capit-e capit-ibus e ibus e ibus 


84. VOCABULARY 
auctoritas, atis, f., authority. Germani, SGrum, m. pl., “he Ger- 
Civitas, atis, f., staze. mans. 





1 This article is to be used chiefly for reference. 

2 Note the change of i of the stem to e in the Nominative afte: tand d 
are dropped and s added. 

8 Nouns whose stems end in -tat often have ium in the Gen. plur. 

# See 82. Make a careful study of the stem and base of each noun of the 
third declension as you meet it in the vocabularies, 


38 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


iugum, I, n., yoke, ridge. exptigno, are, avi, atus, storm, take 
iuimentum, I, n., deast of burden. by assault. 

miurus, I, m., wad. mitt6, ere, misi, missus, send. 
palis, dis, f., marsh, swamp. perdiico, ere, diixi, ductus, /ead 
pilum, i, n., javelin. along, prolong, construct. 


dé, prep. w. Abl., down from, concerning. 


ot 


Pitum 








85. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Iuimentum iugum portat. 2. Multi obsidés in Germa- 
norum oppidis erant. 3. Germani multOs milités in palidem mit- 
tunt. 4. Auctoritas Orgetorigis magna erat in civitate. 5. Dux 
Germanorum oppidum Helvetiorum expugnabat. 6. Pila militum 
longa et magna erant. 7. Principés civitatis ad Dumnorigem nun- 
tium de bello mittunt. 8. Legatus fossam et murum ad castra 
perducit. 9. Germani cum Helvetiis bellum saepe gerébant. 
10. Dux militum miurum perdicere constituit quod Germani ad 
castra properabant. 


II. 1. The authority of the state was great. 2. They send 
messengers to the Germans concerning war. 3. The lieutenant 
was leading the soldiers through the long marsh. 4. The Gauls 
were storming the town because there was a great supply of 
arms (in it). 5. They are leading the beasts-of-burden into the 
camp. 6. Orgetorix had great authority in the state. 7. The sol- 
diers are prolonging the ditch through the fields of the Helvetii. 
8. You were sending hostages to the leader of the Germans. 
g. You are sending the children of the chiefs as” hostages to the 
camp of the Roman people. 





1 Words in parentheses are not to be translated. 
2 Sign of apposition. 


SSS 


WORD LIST—HOW TO READ 39 


LESSON XIV 
WORD LIST IIL—HOW TO READ— READING LESSON 


86. Review Word List I., together with the discussion of the 
kinship of words. Be able to give the English equivalent of 
each word in this list... Do the same with each list as you 
reach it. 


87. WORD LIST II 

a, ab **cottidianus  **gero *noster *puer 

aestas **cottidie Helvétii *novus pulcher 
*ager créber *incold *obses *quod 

animus cum **jugum Orgetorix *quondam 

aper *clira **itimentum paliis *#rego 
**armiger dé *IEX *paro EX 
*Fauctoritas ** dic **liber **perdticd *#*signifer 
**auxilium Dumnorix **]iberi pilum **signum 
**caput **dux **liberd poéma socer 
*civitas **edtico *magister *pdond télum 
*constitus *exptigno *matiiro *porto *tribtinus 
*contendo *filius *miles **princeps vesper 
*continenter *fortissimus *miser *privo *vir 
*cor *gener *mittd proelium *vita 

Germani *miirus *prohibed 
88. - HOW TO READ 


1. Study, as a whole, the passage given, taking in at one view 
as many words as the eye can see. 

2. Try to recall words previously given, and study into the 
meaning of those related to them in form. 

3. Note forms and relations of words so as to see the. entire 
thought before making any attempt at translation. In doing this, 
follow strictly the Latin order, observing carefully the arrangement 
of words and the marks of punctuation. 

4. Translate into clear and idiomatic English. 


40 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


89. READING Lesson: Jucolae Galliae 


Belgae et’ Aquitani et Celtae Galliam incolunt. Belgae sunt 
fortissimi et cum Germanis saepe contendunt. Helvétii sunt 
Celtarum fortissimi, quod cum Germanis continentur contendunt. 
Helvetiorum dux quondam erat Orgetorix, citius? auctoritas magna 
erat in civitate. 


Decline all nouns and adjectives, and give the principal parts of 
all verbs in this passage. 


—-0594 00-—_—_ 


LESSON XV 


THE FOURTH CONJUGATION, PRESENT AND IMPERFECT 
TENSES —THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION — QUESTIONS 
AND ANSWERS 


90. The Fourth Conjugation includes all verbs whose Present 
stem ends ini: muni-6, mitini-re, Pres. stem miini-. 


91. Audis, J hear. Pres. stem audi- — 
Princ. Parts, audi-6, audi-re, audi-vi, audi-tus 


PRESENT TENSE 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
I. audi-6, / hear, am hearing audi-mus, we hear, are hearing 
2. audi-s, you hear, etc. audi-tis, you hear, etc. 
3. audi-t, he hears, etc. audi-u-nt, ¢hey hear, etc. 


IMPERFECT TENSE 


I. audi-6-ba-m, / heard, was hearing audi-6-ba-mus, we heard, etc. 
2. audi-6-ba-s, you heard, etc. audi-6-ba-tis, you heard, etc. 
3. audi-6-ba-t, he heard, etc. audi-6-ba-nt, chey heard, etc. 


92. Observe that in the third person plural of the Present u 
precedes the personal ending, but that in every other form of that 
tense the endings are joined directly to the stem. 





1Qmit. See 66, I, 2. 2 whose, Gen. of the relative pronoun qui, who. 


THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION 4I 


93. Observe that the Imperfect tense consists of the Present 
stem + 6 + tense-sign -ba + the personal endings. 

Review carefully the Present and Imperfect tenses of the pre- 
ceding conjugations,’ and notice differences in formation where 
they occur. Inflect, as above, the following verbs of the fourth 
conjugation: sentido, / fee/; vineis, J dind,; invenio, J find. 


94. Examine the following : — 
Puer magistrum virtite praestat, the doy excels his master in valor. 
Observe that virttite is in the Ablative case, and expresses that 


in which the boy excels. 


Rute. — The Ablative is used to express that in respect to which 
anything is or is done (Ablative of Specification). 


95. VOCABULARY 
amicitia, ae, f,, friendship, maneo, 6re, mansi, mansus, 7e- 
cohors, rtis, f., cohort. matin, awatt. 
pax, pacis, f., peace. - miuni6o, Ire, ivi, itus, forti/y. 
virtiis, titis, f., manhood, valor, praest6, are, stiti, stitus, excel. 
bravery. venio, ire, véni, ventus, come. 
confirms, are, avi, atus, esfad- mnonne, ne, num, signs of questions 
lish. . to be explained in this lesson. 


96. Examine the following : — 


1. Nonne Helvétii pacem confirmant? do not the Helvetians 
establish peace ? 

2. Num est palis magna? 7s the marsh darge (i.e. the marsh is 
not large, is it) ? 

3. Vidésne signum? do you see the standard ? 

Observe that the particle * nonne suggests the answer yes, num 
the answer no, and that -ne, always enclitic,®> simply asks for 
information. | 





1 See 608. 2 See 19. 
8 The name enclitic is given to -me and other words which like it are 
appended to some other word. 


42 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


97. Examine the following : — 


1. Nonne Caesar pignabat? was not Caesar fighting ? 


Piignabat, Sané piignabat, Vér6, Etiam, Ita, 
He was. Certainly he was. Certainly. Yes (lit., even). Yes (so). 


2. Num Caesar agricola erat? Caesar was not a farmer, was he? 
Minimé, Minimé véro, N6n erat 
By no means. Certainly not. No. 

Observe that the Latin has no words for yes and zo, and that 
answers are given by the repetition of the verb in the proper form, 
either with or without certain affirmative or negative particles, or 
by the use of these particles without the verb. 


98. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Nonne?’ Helvétii pacem et amicitiam cum multis civitati- 
bus confirmabant? Sané confirmabant. 2. Num? puer magis- 
trum auctoritate * praestat? Minimé vérod. 3. Venitne* in castra 
Helvéetiorum? Non venit. 4. Num vident multas cohortés mili- 
tum? Minimé. 5. Manébatne cum tribunis militum in agro? 
6. Virne télum et signum puero dat? 7. Nonne cohortes populi 
Romani Gallos virtute praestant? 8. Num pacem cum Belgis 


confirmant? 9g. Constituuntne a castris ad oppidum properare ? 
Vero. 10. In non magnam paludem veniebant. 


II. 1. Do we not® come daily into the beautiful fields? Cer- 
tainly we do. 2. Does the man excel the boy in valor? Certainly. 
3. Do not the leaders of the Helvetians wage war continu- 
ally? 4. Was not the valor of the Roman cohorts great? It was. 
5. Were the Romans giving hostages and establishing peace? 
(They were not, were they?) 6. Do the Germans excel many 
states in valor? Certainly they do. 7. Were not the children of 
the leaders coming into the town with (their)° masters. 8. The 
bravest of the Gauls wage war continually with the Germans. 





1 See 96, 1. 3 See 94. 5 See 96, I. 
2 See 96, 2. 4 See 96, 3. 6 See 85, 1. 


THE THIRD DECLENSION 43 


LESSON XVI 
THE THIRD DECLENSION—LIQUID AND SIBILANT STEMS 


99. Liquid Stems. — 


Legi6, nis, f., Zegion; Consul, is, m., consul; 
Stem and base, legiOn- Stem and base, cdnsul- 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
N.V. legis legion-és consul consul-és 
G. legidn-is legi6n-um consul-is consul-um 
D. legi6n-i legi6n-ibus consul-i consul-ibus 
Ac. legiodn-em legi6n-és consul-em consul-és 
Ab. legid6n-e legi6n-ibus _— consul-e consul-ibus 
Labor, Oris, m., Zador; Flimen, inis, n., river; 
Stem and base, labor- Stem and base, fliimin-1 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
N.V. labor lab6or-és flimen flimin-a 
G. labGr-is lab6r-um flimin-is flimin-um 
D.  labGr-i labGr-ibus flimin-i flimin-ibus 
Ac. lab6r-em labGr-és flimen flimin-a 
Ab. lab6r-e labGr-ibus - flimin-e flimin-ibus 


100. The table of terminations is the same as for lingual stems, 
except in the Nominative and Vocative singular. See 102. 


101. Observe that in neuters the Nominative, Accusative, and 
Vocative are alike, and that they end in the plural in 4. 


102.2 Rules for Gender and Formation of Nominative from 
Stem. — 1. Stems in 1 form the Nominative without s, and are 
masculine. 

2. Stems in r form the Nominative without s, and most in -er 
and -or are masculine, most in -ar and -ur are neuter. 

3. Most masculines and feminines in -n drop n in the Nomi- 
native, and change the preceding vowel to 6: virgo, virgin-is, 
f., virgin, stem virgin-. Most neuters retain -n, and change a 
preceding itoe. See fluimen, 99. 





1 Note change of vowel in the Nominative and Vocative. 
2 To be used chiefly for reference. 


44 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


103. Sibilant Stems.— Many nouns with stems in -or were 
originally stems in -os, but s has changed to r between two vowels 
in the oblique cases.’ 


104. Mos, moris, m., custom; Genus,” eris, n., 227d ; 
Stem moOs-, base m6r- Stem genes-, base gener- 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR, 

N.V. mos mor-és genus gener-a 

G. mor-is mor-um gener-is gener-um 

D. mo6r-i m6r-ibus gener-i gener-ibus 

Ac. mor-em mor-és genus gener-a 

Ab. m6r-e m6r-ibus gener-e gener-ibus 


Corpus, oris, n., dody; Stem corpos-, base corpor- 


SING. PLUR. 
N.V. corpus corpor-a 
G.  corpor-is corpor-um 
D.  corpor-i corpor-ibus 
Ac. corpus corpor-a 
Ab. corpor-e corpor-ibus 
105. VOCABULARY 
Arar,’ aris, m., the Arar. -défend6, ere, I, fénsus, defend. 
hom6, inis, m. and f., man, human tradiic6, ere, dixi, ductus, ¢rans- 
being. port, lead or carry across. 
légatis, Onis, f., embassy. finitimus, a, um, xeighboring, noun 
nomen? inis, n., zame. in m. pl., zeighdors. 
Rhénus, i, m., “he Rhine. ita, adv., thus, so. 


semper, adv., a/ways. 


106. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Orgetorix légationem ad finitimas civitatés mittit. 2. Dux 
Rhénum‘ milités traducébat. 3. Homo bonus nomen civitatis 
semper defendit. 4. Legatus copias ad Ararim ducit. 5. Hel- 
véetii frumentum parare et cum finitimis pacem confirmare cOnsti- 





1 All cases except the Nominative and Vocative. 
2 See 101. 

3 Acc. sing. Ararim. 

* Acc., governed by trans in composition. 


THE THIRD CONJUGATION 45 


tuunt. 6. Multos morés multorum hominum vidébas. 7. Castra 

in ripis Rhéni ponébat. 8. Nonne incolae oppidum saepe défen- 

dunt? g. Légatus legionem ad castra dicit. 10. Ita hominem 
vita privabat. 

II. 1. Do not the men defend the town? 2. They lead their 
forces across the river Rhine.’ 3. Does he establish peace and 
friendship with his neighbors? (He does not, does he?) 4. The 
king leads his forces through the marsh to the river Arar. 5. I 
do not hear the man’s name. 6. The Helvetii were establishing 
friendship with the neighboring states. 7. They were sending an 
embassy to the Germans. 8. The consul did not come to the 
town. 


——o3@400— 


LESSON XVII 


THE THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -i6, PRESENT AND 
IMPERFECT TENSES — READING LESSON 


107. Capi-6, J take, capture, catch. Stem capie- 
Princ. parts, capi-d, cape-re, cép-i, cap-tus 


PRESENT TENSE 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
1. capi-6, J take, am taking capi-mus, we fake, are taking 
2. capi-s, you take, etc. capi-tis, you take, etc. 
3. Capi-t, re fakes, etc. capi-u-nt, they take, etc. 

IMPERFECT TENSE 

I. capié-ba-m, J /ook, was taking capié-ba-mus, we took, were taking 
2. Capié-ba-s, you Zook, etc. capié-ba-tis, you sook, etc. 
3. Capié-ba-t, Xe took, etc. capié-ba-nt, they ‘ook, etc. 


Observe resemblances in this paradigm to that of audio, 91. 
Note also some differences in quantity. 

In the following vocabulary inflect facid and cOnficid in the 
same way. 





1 Acc. in apposition with the word for river. 


46 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


108. VOCABULARY 
aedificium, I, n., duz/ding. privatus, a, um, private, 
Casticus, I, m., Casticus. cOnficis6, ere, féci, fectus, make to- 
conitiratis, Onis, f., conspiracy. gether with, finish, accomplish. 


nobilitas, atis, f., zodi/ity, the nobles. faci6, ere, fEci, factus, make, do. 
amicus, a,um, friendly; asanoun, incendo, ere, i, cénsus, set on 


friend. fire. 
clarus, a, um, bright, famous. renovo, are, avi, atus, renew. 
109. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Helvétii privata aedificia incendébant. 2. Casticus coniu- 
rationem in civitate facit. 3. Finitimi Helvetiorum non semper 
amici erant. 4. Nonne Orgetorix conitrationem nobilitatis facit? 
5. Pacem et amicitiam cum Helvetiis renovabat. 6. Erat dux 
clarus in civitate. 7. Num Orgetorix dux Helvetiorum fidus est? 
8. Orgetorixne bellum cum Romanis conficit? 9. Casticus non 
erat amicus populi Romani. 10. Dumnorix, amicus Orgetorigis, 


princeps erat in civitate. 


II. 1. Orgetorix decides to make a conspiracy of the nobility. 
2. The Helvetii were hastening to set their private buildings on 
fire. 3. They are renewing peace and friendship with (their) 
neighbors. 4. They were taking many towns of our’ neighbors. 
5. Our name is famous in the province. 6. They were giving 
arms to our friends. 7. They were finishing many wars in our 
province. 8. The leader is capturing many beasts-of-burden in 
the camp of the Helvetians. 


110. READING Lesson: Ovgetorigis Coniurano. 


tatibus pacem et amicitiam coOnfirmat. Friumentum quoque parare 
maturat, quod Helvétii cOpias per nostram provinciam educere 
cOnstituunt. Oppida et privata aedificia incendunt. Dumnorix, 
princeps in civitate, et Casticus quoque Dumnorigi auxilium dant. 





1 Use the proper form of noster, 


THE THIRD DECLENSION 47 


LESSON XVIII 


THE THIRD DECLENSION —I-STEMS—THE ABLATIVE OF 
ACCOMPANIMENT 


111.1 Vowel-stems of the Third Declension end in i.2 The 
Nominative singular of masculines and feminines is formed regu- 
larly by adding’s to the stem. 

The Nominative singular of neuters is usually the same as the 
stem with the change ofitoe. Ifi of the stem is preceded by 
-al or -ar, i is dropped, or, in a few cases, changed to e: animal, 
animal-is, stem animali-; calcar, calcar-is, sfur, stem calcari- ; 
mare, mar-is, stem mari-. 

I-stems end regularly in -ium in the Genitive plural. All mas- 
culines and feminines ended originally in -im in the Accusative 
singular, but i has been changed to e except in a few forms. 

Some masculines and feminines, and almost all neuters, have the 
Ablative singular in -i. 

Masculines and feminines fluctuate between -is and -és in the 
Accusative plural, but all neuters have -ia. 


112. I-stems include: (a) nouns of the Third Declension in 
-€s, -is and -e having in the Genitive the same number of sylla- 
bles as in the Nominative ; (4) those in -er (except pater, mater, 
frater, and accipiter) ; (¢) neuters in -al, -ar, which have lost a 
final e. 


113. Hostis, is, TABLE 
m.andf., Turris,is,f, Mare, is, Animal,is, OF TERMINA- 
enemy ; tower ; N., sea; n., azimal; TIONS 
Stem hosti-+ Stemturri- Stem mari- Stemanimali- 4&F. UN. 
N.V. host-is turr-is mar-e animal is e 
G host-is turr-is mar-is animal-is is is 
D. host-i turr-i mar-i animal-i I T 
Ac. host-em  turr-im(em) mar-e animal em,im e 
Ab. host-e(i) turr-i(e)  mar-i anim4l-i Oey alee 





1 To be used chiefly for reference. *% Usually in the plur. 
2 Two stems in -u occur. 4 What are the bases of these words? 


48 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


N.V. host-és turr-és mar-ia animdal-ia és ia 

G. host-ium turr-ium mar-ium animal-ium ium ium 
D. host-ibus_ turr-ibus mar-ibus animal-ibus ibus ibus 
Ac. host-is.6s) turr-is(és) mar-ia animal-ia és,is ia 


Ab. host-ibus  turr-ibus mar-ibus animal-ibus ibus ibus 


114. Examine the following : — 


I. In provinciam multis cum! civibus venit, he comes into the 
province with many citizens. 

2. In castra multis militibus contendit, he hastens into the camp 
with many soldiers. 


RuLeE.— The Ablative with cum is used to express accompani- 
ment, but in military phrases cum may be omitted. 


115. VOCABULARY 
castellum, I, n., fortress, redoudt. disp6n6, ere, posui, positus, se, 
civis, is, m. and f., citizen. place. 


finis, is, m., exd, limit, pl., territory. Occup6, are, Avi, atus, seize, oc- 
praesidium, I, n., guard, garrison, cupy. 

protection. autem, postpositive conj.,? dwt, how- 
régnum, I, n., Aingdom, royal power. ever. 
commiuni6, ire, ivi, Itus, fortify on -que,? enclitic conj., and. 

all sides. 


116. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Hostés oppida occupant et praesidia disponunt. 2. Ca- 
sticus multis militibus in castra hostium* veniébat. 3. In finés 
provinciae veniebat et castra communiebat. 4. Régnum in civi- 
tate finitimorum occupat. 5. Dux hostium multos obsidés, prin- 
cipés civitatis, dat, et pacem amicitiamque cum populd Romano 





1 Notice the position of cum. 

2 A postpositive word is one that is placed after one or more words in its 
clause. 

8 -que is always attached to the latter of the two words which it connects. 

4 See 112, 1. 





FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS 49 


confirmat. 6. Nonne’ est in agris cOpia friimenti? 7. Copia 
frumenti in agris est. 8. Regnum in civitate Gallorum occupat, 
castella autem non communit. 9. Hostés oppidum non capiunt 
quod fossae latae et muri altisunt. 10. Légatos cum multis militi- 
bus ad principem hostium mittunt, quod nova bella gerit. 


II. 1. The leaders of the enemy send ambassadors concerning 
peace. 2. They were coming with many soldiers into the territory 
of the enemy. 3. They were assaulting the town because the 
wall was not high. 4. They are placing garrisons in the towns of 
the enemy. 5. We were coming with our friends. 6. We are 
bringing supplies into the camp, because the enemy are coming 
with many soldiers. 7. The leaders of the enemy were fortifying 
_redoubts, but were not calling (their) soldiers together. 8. The 
lieutenant with many soldiers is seizing the town, but he is not 
placing a garrison in the fortress. 


——-089400-——_ 


LESSON XIX 


THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS, FUTURE TENSE— 
THE SUBSTANTIVE USE OF ADJECTIVES 


117. In the First and Second Conjugations -bi is the sign of the 
Future tense. 

The Future tense of vocd consists of the Present stem voca + 
the Future tense sign -bi + the personal endings. 

The Future tense of moneéd consists of the Present stem moné 
+ the Future tense sign -bi + the personal endings. 


118. SINGULAR 
I. voca-b-6, J shall call — moné-b-6, / shall advise 
2. voca-bi-s, you will call moné-bi-s, you will advise 
3. vocd-bi-t, he will call moné-bi-t, he will advise 





1 See 96. 
BEGIN. LAT. BK.— 4 


50 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


PLURAL 
I. voca-bi-mus, we shall call moné-bi-mus, we shall advise 
2. voca-bi-tis, you will call moné-bi-tis, you wl] advise 
3. voca-bu-nt, they will call moné-bu-nt, “hey will advise 


Observe that i of the tense sign is lost before -6 in the first 
person singular, and changes to u before -nt in the third person 
plural. 


119. Examine the following : — 


1. Nostri in castra veniébant, ovr men were coming into the camp. 
2. Magna cum parvis componit, he compares great things with 
small, 


RULE. — Plural adjectives are quite freely used as nouns, the mas- . 
culine to denote persons, the neuter to denote things. 


NoTE. — This usage occurs sometimes in the singular. 


120. VOCABULARY 
Caesar, aris, m., Caesar. parvus, a, um, /iz//e, small. 
initiria, ae, f., injury, harm, injus- pervenio, Ire, véni, ventus, come 
tice. through, arrive. : 
maleficium, I, n., wrong-doing, mis- rectiso, are, avi, atus, refuse. 
chief. circum, prep. w. <Acc., around, 
Rhodanus, i, m., “he Rhone. about. 
inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hostile, sine, prep. w. Abl., wzthout. 
as subst. enemy (personal), foe. ubi, adv. and conj., where, when. 
121. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Caesar nostros in castra convocabit. 2. Per provinciam 
multOds sine iniuria maleficioque ducébat. 3. Circum castra ca- 
stella disponit. 4. Bona amicis non recusabit. 5. Pacem ami- 
citiamque cum hostibus non confirmabimus. 6. In insula cum 
multis amicis manébimus. 7. Murum 4 castris ad oppidum per- 
ducit et praesidia disponit. 8. Caesar cum nostris ad flimen 
Rhodanum pervenit. g. Circum oppida praesidia dispOnit ubi ini- 
micas copias videt. 10. Bellum cum hostibus saepe renovabunt. 





I-STEMS 51 


II. 1. Will Caesar refuse to send ambassadors to the Helve- 
tians? 2. The forces of the Roman people will seize the hostile 
camp. 3. Our’ men were contending in daily battles. 4. You 
will hasten through the broad fields of the enemy and attack 
their towns. 5. Around the towns of the enemy were many? high 
towers. 6. When we arrive at the city we shall call our men 
together. 7. We are prolonging walls, and placing garrisons 
in the towns. 8. They are leading their forces across the river 
Rhone. 9. We shall always praise the good. 


—_2-079400-——_ 


LESSON XX 
I-STEMS (Continued) —WORD LIST III—READING LESSON 


122. Certain nouns of the Third Declension are inflected in the 
singular like consonant stems,’ and in the plural like i-stems.' 
These were originally vowel stems, but have taken on certain con- 
sonantal forms. Among these are monosyllables with two conso- 
nants preceding the vowel of the stem ending, together with imber, 
bris, m., shower, and some other dissyllables. ‘These are best 
classed as i-stems. 


123. Urbs, urbis,f., city; Nox, noctis, f., zight; Imber, bris, m., shower ; 
Stem urbi-, base urb- Stem nocti-, base noct- Stem imbri-, base imbr- 
SING, PLUR, SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
N.V. urb-s urb-és nox noct-és imber imbr-és 
G. urb-is urb-ium  noct-is noct-ium imbr-is imbr-ium 
D. urb-I urb-ibus noct-I noct-ibus imbr-i imbr-ibus 
Ac. urb-em urb-is(6s) noct-em noct-is(és) imbr-em imbr-is(és) 
Ab. urb-e urb-ibus noct-e noct-ibus imbr-e imbr-ibus 


Observe that in the Nominative singular of imber, e is inserted 
before -ri of the stem. 





1 See 119, 1. 3 See 79. 
2 many and high, 4 See 113. 


52 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


124. VOCABULARY 
iter, itineris, n., road, march, jour- angustus, a, um, zarrow. 

ney. convenio, ire, véni, ventus, come 
Itra, ae, m., ura, a mountain range together, assemble. 

in Gaul. pertines, ére, ui, tentus, ex/end, 
mons, montis,! m., mountain. pertain, 
pars, partis,! f., part, direction. inter, prep. w. Acc., between, among. 
pons, pontis,! m., dridge. neque ... neque, correl. conj., 
Séquani, Srum, m. pl., “e Seguant. neither... nor. 


tum, adv., at that time, then. 


125. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Erat iter inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum. 
2. Iter per finés Séquanorum angustum erat. 3. Pons erat in? 
flimine Arare. 4. Cum magna parte civium in castra veniebat. 
5. Hostés ad flumen Ararim perveniébant. 6. Milités multas in 
partés urbium conveniunt et in Galliam contendunt, 7. Helvéetii 
cOnstituunt incolas montium per provinciam ducere. 8. Tum 
erant neque castella neque praesidia in oppidis. 9. Murus a 
monte ad flumen pertinebit. 10. Hostés magnam partem mon- 
tium occupabant. 


II. 1. A wall and a ditch extend from the mountain to the 
camp. 2. A narrow road extends from a part of the mountain 
to the river. 3. They come together and prepare to lead their 
forces to Mt. Jura. 4. They arrive at the bridge, and place 
redoubts on the river bank. 5. The enemy lead a part of their 
forces across the river Rhone and assault the towns. 6. There 
were then neither good roads nor high buildings in Gaul. 7. They 
wage war continually because they excel the rest of the Gauls 
in valor. 8. Caesar will refuse the right of way® to the 
Helvetians. 9. The Helvetii assemble near the river and decide 
to lead their forces across. 





1 To what class of stems does this word belong? 
2 over, 8 iter, 


126. 


**gedificium 
**amicitia 
**a micus 
angustus 
animal 
Arar 
audio 
autem 
Caesar 
*€capio 
*castellum 
Casticus 
*circum 
*civis 
*clarus 
*cohors 
**®comminis 


127. 


WORD LIST— READING LESSON 


**compond 
**cOnficid 
confirmd 
*conitiratid 
*cdonsul 
*convenio 
corpus 
défendsd 
** dispOnd 
**facid 
**finis 
**finitimus 
*flimen 
*genus 
*hom6 
*hostis 
imber 


incend6d 
**inimicus 
*initria 
inter 
**invenio 
**ita 
*iter 
lira 
labor 
**klegatio 
**le gid 
**maleficium 
maneod 
mare 
mons 
mos 
**minid 
*#ne 


WORD LIST Ill 


53 


*kneque...neque *reciiso 


**n Obilitas 
**nomen 
**nonne 
*nox 
num 
**€occupo 
pars 
parvus 
pax 
*pertined 
**pervenio 
*pons 
*praesidium 
*praesto 
*privatus 
**-que 


Reapinc Lesson III: Duo! Jiinera 


*régnum 
*renovo 
Rhénus 
Rhodanus 
semper 
¥*sentid 
Sé€quani 
sine 
**tradicd 
*tum 
turris 
*ubi 
urbs 
**yenid 
vincid 
*virtiis 


Erat iter angustum per finés Sequanorum inter montem Iuram 
et flumen Rhodanum. 
tii € finibus exire? cOnstituunt et per provinciam copias édicere. 
Ubi Caesar hoc® audit, properat ab urbe, et in Galliam venit. 
Helvétiis iter per provinciam recusat et murum ad monten Iuram 


perdicit. 


Erat per provinciam quoque iter. 


Helve- 


Tum praesidium disponit et castella communit. 





1 duo, two. 


2 exire, go forth, Pres. Inf. of irreg. verb exed. 
3 hoc, skis, Acc. sing. neut. of hic, haec, hoc, 


54 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON XXI 


THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS, FUTURE TENSE— 
THE THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -io, FUTURE— THE 
DOUBLE DATIVE 


128. SINGULAR 
I. rega-m audia-m capia-m 
2. regé-s audié-s capié-s 
3. rege-t audie-t capie-t 

PLURAL 

I. regé-mus audié-mus capié-mus 
2. regé-tis audié-tis capié-tis 
3. rege-nt audie-nt capie-nt 


Observe the similarity in the inflection of these three verbs. 
The Future first sing. of rego is formed by changing e of the stem 
to a,and adding the personal ending m. ‘The e of the stem is 
retained in the other forms. 

The Future of capid, stem capie-, is formed in the same way. 

The Future of audio is formed in the first sing. by changing 
the stem vowel to ia and adding the personal ending m, and in 
the other forms by changing it to ie and adding the personal 
endings. 

The é is long in the second sing. and in the first and second 
plural. 


129. Examine the following : — 


Caesari erat ciirae, 7¢ was a care to Caesar (it was to Caesar fora 
care). 


The Latin often uses a Dative of the object for which, together 
with a Dative of the person for whom, where the English uses a 
predicate noun and an indirect object. This is called the double 
Dative, and is found principally with the verb sum. 


THE FOURTH DECLENSION 55 


130. VOCABULARY 
impedimentum, i, n., imdrance, COnscribG, ere, scripsi, scriptus, 
pl. daggage. enroll. 
locus, i, m., A/ace, n. in pl. loca. délig6, ere, légi,léctus, select, choose. 
mors, mortis, f., death. impedi6o, ire, ivi, itus, Zinder. 
periculum, I, n., danger. enim, postpositive! conj., for. 


interea, adv., 7” the meantime. 


isi. EXERCISES 


I. x. Flumen erat hostibus impedimento. 2. Helvétii légatds 
ad Dumnorigem dé itinere mittent quod amicus est Sequanorum. 
3. Sequani Helvetios itinere non prohibebunt. 4. Caesar novam 
legionem in Gallia conscribet. 5. Legio impedimentis praesidio 
erat. 6. Caesar bellum in Gallia conficiet. 7. Multa oppida 
capietis quod multos milités habetis. 8. Dux in Galliam magnis ? 
itineribus contendit, copia enim fruimenti non magna est. 9g. In- 
terea ad Sequanos legatum dé pace mittet. 


II. 1. He was enrolling a new legion in the province. 2. The 
Sequani did not hinder the march of the Helvetians. 3. The 
Helvetians will not lead their forces through the territory of the 
Sequani, for the way is narrow. 4. The bridge was a protection ® 
to the town. 5. The scarcity of grain was a care to Caesar. 
6. Caesar hastens toward the enemy, for they are assaulting the 
town. 7. In the meantime they will select a place on* the 
bridge. 8. We shall hasten to the camp, for the danger of 
death is great. 9. The baggage was a hindrance to Caesar. 


—029400——_ 


LESSON XXxII 
THE FOURTH DECLENSION—THE PRONOUN Is 


132. Nouns of the Fourth Declension have stems in t, generally 
weakened to i before -bus. Those having the Nominative in us 
are masculine with a few exceptions, those in u are neuter. 





1 See 115, 4. 2 by forced marches. 3 See 129. £ in, 


56 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


133. Casus, ts, m., Corni, Us, n., TABLE OF TERMINA- 
chance, misfortune ; horn, wing, flank ; TIONS 
Stem ? base ? Stem ? base ? Masc. Neut, Masc. Neut. 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
N.V. c&s-us cas-is corn-i corn-ua us t Us ua 
G. cas-Us cas-uum corn-iis corn-uum iis tis uum uum 
D; cas-ui cdas-ibus corn-t corn-ibus ui i ibus ibus 
Ac. cas-um cdas-its corn-i~ corn-ua um t is ua 
Ab. cas-i cas-ibus corn-i corn-ibus @t ti ibus ibus 


CorNUA 


134. Domus, f., house, home, is partly of the Second and partly 
of the Fourth Declension, and is inflected as follows : — 


SINGULAR PLURAL 

N.V. dom-us dom-is 

G. dom-iis (dom-i) dom-uum (dom-6rum) 
D. dom-ui (dom-36) dom-ibus 

Ac. dom-um dom-6s (dom-its) 

Ab. dom-6 (dom-i) . dom-ibus 


135. The demonstrative pronoun is, ¢izs or thaz, is used more 
frequently than any other of its class; it often supplies the place 
of the lacking personal pronoun of the third person, and its inflec- 
tion should be thoroughly learned. 


136. SINGULAR PLURAL 
Mase. Fem. Neut. Mase. Fem, Neut. 
N is ea id el, il eae ea 
G éius éius éius eorum earum eorum 
D ei ei ei eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis 
Ac. eum eam id eds eas ea 


Ab. e6 ea eo eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis 


+ 


VOCABULARY — EXERCISES 57 


137. ; VOCABULARY 
collis, is, m., 2/7. déicis, ere, iéci, iectus, cast down. 
cupiditas, atis, f., desire. interficis, ere, féci, fectus, 47//. 
exercitus, tis, m., army. sub, prep. w. Acc.! and Abl., under, 
Italia, ae, f., //aly. at the foot of. 
addiicG, ere, diixi, ductus, ad 7/0, sub vesperum, ady. phr., af or 
induce. towards evening. 


ibi, adv., here. 


138. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Caesar exercitum per fines Sequanorum diicet. 2. In 
Italiam contendet et ibi legisnem cOnscribet. 3. Légatus castra 
sub ed colle ponet. 4. Nostri in fines hostium sub vesperum 
pervenient. 5. Orgetorix ad id flumen castra sub vesperum ponit. 
6. Helvetii de ripis eius fluminis tela in hostis deiciebant. 7. Dux 
hostium ad eum pontem exercitum ducit, ibique castra ponit. 
8. Is cornu exercitus flumen traducit. 9. Magna cupiditas régni 
in ea terra erat. 10. Auctoritas eOrum principum magna erat in 
civitate. 

II. 1. That army was hastening into the territory of the Se- 
quani. 2. Caesar was pitching his camp at the foot of this moun- 
tain. 3. The leader will move his camp towards evening. 4. The 
doors of these houses were wide and high. 5. The enemy were 
casting down missiles from the hill upon our army. 6. Caesar 
will hasten into that part of the province and enroll a new legion 
there. 7. The chances of war are great. 8. The enemy in the 
meantime were keeping the soldiers of our armies from the march. 
9. The Helvetii did not kill a large part of our army. 





1 With Acc. with verbs of motion; with Abl. with verbs of rest. 


58 


THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON XXIII 


THE CARDINAL NUMERALS—THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME 


AND SPACE—READING LESSON 


139. The Cardinal numerals are the numbers used in counting. 
The following furnish a basis for forming the others. 


I, tinus 

2, duo 

3, trés 

4, quattuor 
5, quinque 
6, sex 

7, septem 
8, octd 

9, novem 
10, decem 
II, undecim 
12, duodecim 
13, tredecim 
14, quattuordecim 


I5, 
16, 


17, 
18, 


75> 


quindecim 
sé€decim 
septendecim 
duodéviginti 
tindéviginti 
viginti 
viginti tinus 
viginti duo 
triginta 
quadraginta 
quinquaginta 
sexaginta 
septuaginta 


septuaginta quinque 


80, 
99 
100, 
IOI, 


1000, 
2000, 


octoginta 
nonaginta 
centum 

centum et tinus 
ducenti, ae, a 
trecenti, ae, a 
quadringenti, ae, a 
quingenti, ae, a 
s€scenti, ae, a 
septingenti, ae, a 
octingenti, ae, a 
nongenti, ae, a 
mille 

duo milia 


Of these, only tinus, duo, trés, the hundreds, and milia, the 
plural of mille, are declined. 


140. Mase. 
N. duo 

G. dudrum 
D. dudbus 
Ac. duds 
Ab. dudbus 


like the plural of animal. 


Fem. Neut. 
duae duo 
duarum dusdrum 
duabus dudbus 
duas duo 
duabus dudbus 


Masc. and Fem. Neut. 
trés tria 
trium trium 
tribus tribus 
trés (tris)  tria 
tribus . tribus 


The hundreds are declined like the plural of fidus,’ and milia 





1 They make the Gen. plur. in -um instead of -Orum. 


THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE 59 


141. Examine the following : 


I. Multds annds in oppidd manet, he remains many years in the 
town. 

2. Ducentos pedés liberds portat, he carries the children two 
hundred feet. 


Observe that multds annds is in the Accusative case, and 
expresses duration of time, and that ducentos pedés is in the 
same case, and expresses extent of space. 


Rue. — Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by 
the Accusative. 


142. VOCABULARY 
Alpés, ium, f. pl., the Alps. bellic6sus, a, um, war/ike. 
annus, I, m., year. désist6, ere, stiti, stitus, desist, 
conatus, iis, m., attempt, undertak- cease. 
ing. divid6, ere, visi, visus, divide, sepa- 
gratia, ae, f., favor, influence. , rate. 
hiberna, Srum, n. pl., winter guar- hiem6, are, avi, atus, winter, spend 
ters. the winter. 
hora, ae, f., Zour. - vast6, are, avi, atus, devastate, lay 
pés, pedis, m., foot. waste. 
143. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Helvétii sunt hominés bellicosi, populi ROmani inimici. 
2. Sex horas oppidum continenter oppugnabat, sub vesperum 
autem dé conatu désistit. 3. In Sequanorum finés perveniunt et 
eOrum agros vastant. 4. Flumen Rhenus agros Helvetiorum a 
Germanis dividit. 5. Trés annds in Gallia manébunt. 6. Exer- 
citum ab hibernis in Galliam diicit. 7. Per Alpés in Galliam con- 
tendit et ibi duos annos manet. 8. Orgetorigis gratia in civitate 
magna erat. 9g. Trés legidnés in Italia hiemabant, et Caesar ad 
eas contendit. 10. Duas legidnés in Italia Caesar cOnscribit et 
cum iis quinque legidnibus in Galliam iter facere contendit. 
11. Murum séscentos pedes perducit. 


60 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


II. 1. Caesar leads six legions into winter quarters in Gaul. 
2. He marches from Italy into Gaul, and remains there seven 
years. 3. These legions were wintering in the territory of the 
Sequani. 4. The Germans are warlike men, and carry on war 
daily. 5. During’ three years the influence of this man was great. 
6. You will devastate their fields because they are enemies of the 
Roman people. 7. Does not the river Rhine separate the terri- 
tory of the Helvetians from the Germans? Yes. 8. They will 
not desist from their attempt for’ three years. 9. They prolonged 
the ditch two hundred feet from the camp to the town. 


144. READING Lesson: Profectio® Helvetiorum 


Helvetii per Sequanorum finés iter facere cOnstituunt. Caesar 
autem in Italiam contendit et ibi duds novas legidnés conscribit, 
et tres ab hibernis ducit. Cum iis quinque legionibus per Alpes 
in Galliam iter facit. Helvétii interea per fines Sequanorum 
copias traducunt et agros eOrum vastant. : 


Fa a a 


LESSON XXIV 


THE IRREGULAR VERB Sum, PRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE 
—DATIVE OF THE POSSESSOR— THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 


145. PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE 
I. s-u-m, / am er-a-m, / was er-6, JZ shall be 
SING, 2. 8, you are er-a-8, you were er-i-s, you will be 
3. es-t, he zs er-a-t, he was er-i-t, Ze will be 


2. es-tis, you are er-a-tis, you were er-i-tis, you will be 


I. S-U-mus, we are er-a-mus, we were er-i-mus, we shall be 
PLUR. 
3. S-u-nt, they are er-a-nt, they were er-u-nt, they will be 


Learn the inflection of this verb thoroughly. It occurs very 
frequently as a principal verb, and is used in the conjugation of 
certain passive forms. 





1 See 141, 1. 2 The Departure. 


THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 61 


146. Examine the following : — 


Domus erat agricolae, the farmer had a house (there was to the 
Jarmer a house). 


Agricolae is in the Dative case, and denotes the possessor of 
the house. 


RuLe. — The Dative is used with sum and similar verbs to denote 
the possessor. 


147. The Relative Pronoun. 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
Mase. Fem. Neut. Mase. Fem. Neut, 
N. qui quae quod qui quae quae 
G. ctius cilius cilius quorum quarum quorum 
D. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus 
Ac. quem quam quod quos quas quae 
Ab. qué qua quo quibus quibus quibus 


148. Examine the following-: — 


1. Milités quos video, the soldiers whom J see. 
2. Mulier quam video, “he woman whom J see. 

3. Pilum quod habeo, “he javelin which 1 have. 

4. Ego qui video, / who see. 

5. Vir ctius filii sunt inimici, he man whose sons are hostile. 


Observe the gender, person, number, and case of the above 
relatives with their antecedents. 


Rue. — The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, 
person, and number; but its case depends upon its 
_relation to other words in the sentence. 


149. VOCABULARY 
adventus, tis, m., arrival, approach. impetus, iis, m., ad/ack. 
conspectus, iis, m., szgh. lacus, tis, m., /ake. 
explorator, Oris, m., scout. S6ratis, Onis, f., speech, oration. 


imperator, Oris, m., commander. spatium, 1, n., space. 


— 


62 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


laetus, a, um, g/ad. postul6, are, avi, atus, demand. 
discéd6, ere, cessi, cessus, with- trad6, ere, didi, ditus, give uf, sur- 
draw. render. 


150. SPECIAL EXERCISES ON THE RELATIVE 


I. 1. Montés alti, quos vidémus, praesidid oppido erant. 
2. Castra quae ponis magna erunt. 3. Dux cui erat magnus 
exercitus multa oppida capiébat. 4. Multa aedificia incendunt 
in quibus erat copia frumenti magna. 5. Qui fidi sunt, eis amici 
sunt fidi. 


II. 1. The attack of the Belgae, who had many armed men, 
was long. 2. The frequent showers were a hindrance! to the 
enemy who were pitching their camp. 3. The island to which we 
are hastening is large. 4. The river whose banks we see is wide. 
5. Caesar was a Roman commander to whom the Gauls often 
surrendered their arms. 6. There were many inhabitants in the 
city which the Germans attacked. 7. Those who?” are faithful 
will not be wretched. 8. The farmers whose fields you are 
devastating are fleeing to the city. 


151. EXERCISES 


I. x. Exploratdrés in cOnspectii exercitiis interficit. 2. A 
castris hostium magnum spatium discédit et duas noctés in agris 
manet. 3. Ei exploratori erant arma. 4. In hiberna ad lacum 
imperator exercitum diucébat. 5. Arma in cOnspectt hostium 
tradunt, et laeti sunt quod Caesar obsidés non postulat. 6. Mul- 
tas et longas Orationés audiémus in domibus amicorum nostrorum. 
7. In agris castra ponit et ibi adventum inimicarum copiarum 
impedit. 8. Exploratorés laeti erunt quod hostibus non multi 
milités sunt. 9g. Non magnum spatium ab oppido erat lacus 
magnus et pulcher. t1o. Ei legato erit gratia in civitate, quod ei 
sunt multi finitimi amicique. 





1 See 129. 2 Those who = qui. 








ss 


ir 
a» 
= 
< 

3 


mS) 


THE FIRST CONJUGATION 63 


II. 1. The arrival of the hostile army hindered Caesar’s under- 
takings. 2. There were many towns in sight of Caesar’s forces. 
3. Is not the consul withdrawing from the lake? He ist 4. I 
shall have* a supply of grain because I live no® long distance 
from the fields. 5. The commander of the enemy’s forces has 
arms and standards in the camp. 6. They will lead their soldiers 
out of the town and surrender their arms. 7. Three legions of 
soldiers will attack the town and the camp. 8. You are demanding 
hostages, but the enemy will not give them. 


——o0}@400—— 


LESSON XXV 


THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PERFECT SYSTEM —THE ABLATIVE 
OF DESCRIPTION 


152. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses — 
called tenses of completed action— correspond in the main to 
the tenses of the same name in English, except that the Perfect 
has two uses, one to express an act done in simple past time — 
the Perfect Historical — and one to express an action begun in the 
past and continued to the present — the Perfect Definite. 


Examples: voca-v-i, perfect, 7 called or have called. 
voca-v-era-m, pluperfect, 7 had called. 
voca-v-er-o, future perfect, 7 shall have called. 


153. To form the Perfect stem v(u) is regularly added to the 
Present stem: voca-v-, but it is sometimes added to the root: * 
son-u-. 


154. Latin verbs have special personal endings in certain forms 
of the Perfect tense. Hence, attention should be given to the 
following table, as well as to the paradigms. 





1 See 97. - 2mihi erit. See 146. 8 See 151, I., 9. 
4 The root is the ultimate part of a word underlying the stem, and contains 
the idea of the word without modifications, 


64 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


155. PRESENT TENSE.— TABLE OF ENDINGS 
SINGULAR : PLURAL 
I, -l -mus 
2. -sti -stis 
3. +t -6runt or -ére 
156. PERFECT 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
1. voca-v-i, J called or have called voca-v-i-mus, we called, etc. 
2. voca-v-i-sti, you called, etc. voca-v-i-stis, you called, etc. 
3. voca-v-i-t, he called, etc. voca-v-Erunt, they called, etc. 
PLUPERFECT 
I. voca-v-era-m, / had called voca-v-era-mus, we had called 
2. voca-v-era-s, you had called voca-v-era-tis, you had called 
3. voca-v-era-t, he had called voca-v-era-nt, they had called 


FUTURE PERFECT 


I. voca-v-er-6, / shall have called voca-v-eri-mus, we shall have called 
2. voca-v-eri-s, you will have called voca-v-eri-tis, you will have called 
3. voca-v-eri-t, he will have called woca-v-eri-nt, they will have called 


Observe that i, era, eri are the tense signs of the Perfect, Plu- 
perfect, and Future Perfect respectively. 

Apply 47, note, to convoc6, postuld, and privo in the Perfect 
system. 


157. Examine the following : — 
I. Orgetorix erat vir magna auctoritate in civitate, Orge/orix was 
a man of great authority in the state. 
2. Filiae agricolae erant bond animo, she farmers daughters were 
of good disposition. 


Observe that in 1 auctdritate is in the Ablative, and that magna 
agrees with it. Observe that in 2 bond anim@ is used in the same 
way as magna auctoritate except that it is in the predicate. 


RuLE— The Ablative with an adjective in agreement with it is 
used to express quality (Ablative of Description). 


Note. — This ablative may have either an adjective or predicate use. 


ABLATIVE OF DESCRIPTION 65 


158, VOCABULARY 


Aedui, Srum, m. pl., the Aeduz. concido6, ere, i, cisus, 27/7. 
clamor, Oris, m., wozse, outcry, fugio, ere, figi, fugitus, fee. 
clamor. €, ex, prep. w. Abl., out of, from (6 
Divico, Onis, m., Divico, before consonants only). 
eques, itis, m., Zorseman; pl.cavalry. nunquam, adv., never. 
reliquus, a, um, remaining, rest of; sed, con)j., due. 
pl., as subst., che rest. 


159. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Equités erant magna virtute et bond animo in populum 
Romanum. 2. Ex oppido ad lacus silvasque Caesar reliquds 
equités convocaverit. 3. Multi milités castra hostium oppugna- 
verunt, reliqui autem magno cum clamore fugiebant. 4. Magna 
gratia Orgetorix erat in civitate. 5. Pacem amicitiamque cum 
hostibus confirmaveramus. 6. Ad urbem properaveras quod mili- 
tés inimici ad castra veniébant. 7. Reliqui Aedui in Italiam nun- 
quam venient. 8. Divico, Helvétiorum dux, vir magna virtute 
erat. g. Agricolae fugiebant, quod Aedui finitimos concidébant. 


II. 1. They will have hastened into the town. 2. The horse- 
men had assaulted the camp of the enemy. 3. The soldiers 
hastened with a great outcry into the territory of the Aedui. 
4. The Aedui will have wintered in the country of the enemy. 
5. You will have deprived (your) friends of (their) beasts-of- 
burden and carts. 6. We shall lead the children of the nobility 
out of the city into the fields. 7. The horsemen will flee across 
the Arar into the deep forests. 8. They are warlike men of great 
courage, and will never surrender their children as hostages. 


g. They were men of good disposition,’ but of small influence. 





1 See 157, 2. 


BEGIN. LAT. BK.— 5 


66 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON XXVI 
ORDINAL NUMERALS— WORD LIST IV— READING LESSON 


160. Ordinal numerals are adjectives derived from the cardi- 
nals to express order or place. They are declined like fidus, a, um. 


Ist, primus gth, nonus 17th, septimus decimus 
2d, secundus 10th, decimus 18th, duodévicésimus 
3d, tertius 11th, tindecimus 19th, tindévicésimus . 
4th, quartus 12th, duodecimus 2oth, vicésimus 
5th, quintus 13th, tertius decimus 2Ist, vicésimus primus 
6th, sextus 14th, quartus decimus 30th, tricésimus 
7th, septimus 15th, quintus decimus 40th, quadragésimus 
8th, octavus 16th, sextus decimus 50th, quinquagésimus 
161: VOCABULARY 
Allobrogés, um, m. pl., “ze Allob- abdiicG, ere, diixi, ductus, /ad 
roges. away. 
centuri6, Onis, m., centurion. décurr6, ere, cucurri or curri, ru 
pagus, I, m., district, canton. down. 
sarcina, ae, f., dundle; pl., personal exspectd, are, avi, atus, exfect, 
baggage. await. 
Tigurinus, 1, m., 7igurinus. influ6, ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow into. 
vicus, Ii, m., vzd/age. intercédG, ere, cessi, cessus, come 
divisus, a, um, aivided. or be between. 
varius, a, um, varied, different. paene, adv., a/most. 
162. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Per finés hostium tertiam partem copiarum tradticunt et 
in finibus Aedudrum reliquos milités exspectant. 2. Aedui, quod 
Helvetii paene in cOnspectu nostri exercitus agrOs eOrum vastant, 
légatos ad Caesarem mittunt. 3. Decimae legidnis milites de 
colle in castra décurrunt. 4. Civitas Helvetiorum in quattuor 
pagos divisa est, quorum unus est Tigurinus. 5. Nonne milités 
nonae legiOnis sarcinas in itinere portant? 6. Allobrogés quoque, 
qui trans Rhodanum vicds habeébant, ad Caesarem légatos mit-— 
tunt. 7. Caesar milités quartae legiOnis et varids centuriones 


WORD LIST 67 


exspectare cOnstituit. 8. Flumen Arar per finés Aeduorum et 
S€quanorum in Rhodanum influit. 9. Prima cohors septimae 
legionis in vicum Allobrogum venit. 10. Oppida expugnabant 
et incolarum liberos obsidés abdiicébant. 


II. 1. Divico was the chief of the embassy. 2. Caesar kills 
a third part of the Helvetians. 3. The Helvetii are laying waste 
the fields of the Aedui, and storming their towns almost in sight 
of ourarmy. 4. The soldiers of the tenth legion will run down 
to the river. 5. They will lead a fourth part of their forces across 
the river Arar. 6. The sixth cohort of the third legion will await 
the arrival of the rest of the cohorts. 7. The third district of the 
Helvetii is awaiting a supply of grain. 8. The soldiers are fleeing 
from the woods in’ different directions. 9. The rest of the states 
will never send ambassadors to Caesar concerning peace. 


163. WORD LIST IV 
**kabdiicd *déligs **impedid *primus 
**addiicd *désist6 *imperator **quartus 
*adventus **discédd *impetus **quattuor 
Aedui Divicd *influd *qui 
Allobrogés divid6 **intercedd quinque 
Alpés *domus **interea *reliquus 
annus **ducenti *interficid sarcina 
*bellicosus **duo ¥*is *sed 
*casus é, ex Italia septimus 
*centurid enim lacus *sex 
*clamor *eques laetus spatium 
collis *exercitus *locus sub 
*cOnatus *explorator *mors **#tertius 
*concidd *exspectd nonus Tigurinus 
conscrib6 *fugio *nunquam *trado 
*cOnspectus . gratia Sratio trans 
corniti **hiberna paene **trées 
cupiditas **hiem6. pagus varius 
*decimus hora periculum *yasto 
*décurrd **ibi ¥EDES vicus 
*d€icid **impedimentum *postuld *viginti 





1 in with Acc. 


ra 


68 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


164. READING LESSON 


Helvetii per angustas vias et fines SequanoOrum cOpias tradi- 
cunt et in Aeduorum finés perveniunt, eOrumque agros vastant. 
Aedui, quod Helvétii paene in conspecti nostri exercittis agrOs 
eorum vastabant, legatos ad Caesarem dé auxilio mittunt. Allo- 
brogés quoque legatos ad Caesarem mittunt. Tum Caesar ad 
Helvetios legionés ducere constituit. Ad unam partem Helvetio- 
rum pervenit, quae fliumen Ararim transibat,’ et magnam partem 
eorum interficit. Tum pontem in Arare facit et ita copias tra- 
ducit. 


——oot¢200—— 


LESSON XXVII 


THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PERFECT SYSTEM—THE 
ABLATIVE OF TIME 


165. The Perfect stem of a few words of the Second Conjuga- 
tion is formed by adding v(m) to the Present stem: déled, stem 
delé- ; Perfect stem délév- ; Perfect tense délévi; but most verbs 
add v(u) to the stem clipped of its characteristic vowel: mone-6, 
stem moné- ; Perfect stem monu-, Perfect tense monui. 


166. PERFECT PLUPERFECT FuTuRE PERFECT 
I have advised, etc. I had advised, etc. TI shall have advised, etc. 
I. mon-u-i mon-u-era-m mon-u-er-6 
SING. | 2. mon-u-i-sti mon-u-era-s mon-u-eri-s 
3. mon-u-i-t mon-u-era-t mon-u-eri-t 
I. mon-u-i-mus mon-u-era-mus mon-u-eri-mus 
PLUR. 2. mon-u-i-stis mon-u-era-tis mon-u-eri-tis 
3. mon-u-Eérunt mon-u-era-nt mon-u-eri-nt 


State in regard to this verb and those in the following vocabu- 
lary its: Present stem, Perfect stem, tense-signs and personal end- 
ings in the perfect system. 

Apply 47, note, to the verbs in the following vocabulary. 





1 was crossing. 


ABLATIVE OF TIME 69 


167. Examine the following : — 


1. Tertia hora in castra venit, he comes into camp at the third 
hour. 

2. Tribus annis multa oppida délébit, within three years he will 
destroy many towns. 


Observe that in 1 hora expresses the time when he comes, 
and in 2 tribus annis expresses the time within which he will 
destroy. 


Rue. — Time when and within which is expressed by the Abla- 


tive case. 

168. VOCABULARY 
déleo, ére, Evi, 6tus, destroy, blot terres, Ere, ul, itus, frighten. 

out. timed, Ere, ui, —, fear. 
iube6, ére, iussi, iussus, order. acriter, adv., sharply, fiercely. 
praebe6, Ere, ui, itus, furnish. facile, adv., easily. 
retineG, Ere, ui, tentus, 4o/d back, cis, prep. w. Acc., om this side of. 

restrain, retain. propter, prep. w. Acc., on” account 
tenes, Gre, ul, tus, hold. , of. 

169. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Hostés legatos Romanorum multas horas in oppido reti- 
nuerunt. 2. Una pars Helvetidrum cis flimen Ararim erat. 
3. Prima hora milités oppidum oppignare iussit. 4. Aedui mul- 
tos equités ROmanis praebuérunt. 5. Hostés nomen populi 
ROmani. semper timuerant. 6. Propter altam fossam Romani 
oppidum non expugnaverant. 7. Quinque horis vicum hostium 
facile delébis. 8. Quarta hora hostés cOpias € castris educunt et 
ad flimen Ararim contendunt. 9. Caesar exercitum in castris 
retinuit, quod equités exspectabat. 10. Caesar centuriOnés iussit 
milités convocare, et tum trans flimen exercitum ducit. 


II. 1x. Within four years Caesar will have destroyed many 
towns of the enemy. 2. The Romans will not easily seize the 
town on account of the bravery of the enemy. 3. The lieutenant 
will have held back the tenth legion, but he will send the seventh 


7O THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


as an aid’ to Caesar. 4. Caesar had ordered the lieutenants to 
call together the soldiers at the third hour. 5. Within two years 
Caesar will have laid waste a great part of Gaul. 6. The district 
Tigurinus was on this side of the river Arar, but the rest of the 
Helvetii were across the river. 7. The Aedui will furnish grain 
and cavalry to the Romans. 8. In the third year they will hasten 
to lead the army across the river, and attack the towns of the 
enemy. 
paaaee 





LESSON XXVIII 


THE THIRD DECLENSION, GENERAL RULES FOR GENDER— 
IRREGULAR NOUNS 


170. 1. Nouns in -6, -dr, -ds, -er, -8s (Gen. -idis, -itis) are 
masculine. 

2. Nouns in -as (Gen. -atis), -és (Gen. -is) -is, -ys, -x, -s (pre- 
ceded by a consonant), -d6, -gd (Gen. -inis), -id (abstract and 
collective), -tis (Gen. -Udis, -titis), are feminine. 

3. Nouns in -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -l, -t, -men (-inis), -ar, -ur, -us 
(Gen. -éris, -dris), are neuter. 

These are the general rules for gender of nouns of the Third 
Declension ; but there are many exceptions which should be noted 
as they occur. 


171. In some nouns the stem in some of the cases is irregularly 
modified. 


Senex, senis, m., o/d man Iter, itineris, n., journey, road, march 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
N.V. senex sen-és iter itiner-a 
G.  sen-is sen-um itiner-is itiner-um 
D.  sen-i sen-ibus itiner-I itiner-ibus 
Ac. sen-em sen-és iter itiner-a 
Ab. sen-e sen-ibus itiner-e itiner-ibus 





1 See 129. 


IRREGULAR NOUNS 71 


Bos, bovis, m. and f., ox, dull, cow Vis, f., force 
SING. PLUR, SING. PLUR. 
N.V. b6s bov-és vis vir-és 
G.  bov-is bo-um (vis) vir-ium 
D. bov-i b6-bus (vi) vir-ibus 
Ac. bov-em bov-és vim vir-és 
Ab. bov-e b6-bus vi vir-ibus 
172. VOCABULARY 
c6piae domesticae, f. pl. ome accipid, ere, cépi, ceptus, receive, 
supplies. accept. 
déditis, Snis, f., surrender. ag6, ere, 6gi, Actus, set in motion, 
Divitiacus, i, m., Divitiacus. drive, do, act. 
latitidG, inis, f., width. flagit6, are, Avi, atus, demand. 
Liscus, I, m., Zzscus. interscind6, ere, scidi, scissus, cu 
domesticus, a, um, domestic, pri- down, destroy. 
vate. suppeto, ere, ivi (ii), Ittirus, de at 
integer, gra, grum, whole, fresh. hand. 
mattrus, a, um, rife. ex itinere, adv. phr., 0” the march. 


nondum, adv., ot yet. 


173. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Belgae oppidum ex itinere oppugnaverunt. 2. Hostés 
pontem interscindéBant. 3. Aedui continenter frimentum flagi- 
tabant. 4. Caesar principés Aedudrum in castra convocaverit. 
5. Domesticae copiae Aeduis non suppetébant. 6. Divitiacus et 
Liscus, populi Romani amici, ad Caesarem veniebant. 7. Nostri 
proelium integris viribus' renovavérunt. 8. Friimenta? in agris 
nondum miatiira sunt. 9. Multa iumenta ad flumen magna Iati- 
tiidine* agébat. 10. Ex itinere hostium oppidum oppugnavit. 


II. 1. Caesar kept* demanding ripe grain. 2. He had has- 
tened to drive the beasts of burden across the bridge. 3. They 
will destroy the bridge, and hasten by forced’ marches towards 
the territory of the Belgae. 4. Caesar will have called Divitiacus 





1 with fresh strength. 4 Use the Imperfect of 
2 the crops of grain. flagito. 
3 See 157. 5 magnis itineribus. 


72 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


and Liscus into the camp. 5. Caesar will demand home-supplies 
because the grain in the fields is not yet ripe. 6. They assaulted 
the towns on the march with fresh’ strength. 7. A supply of 
grain was not at hand. 8. When will you send ambassadors 
concerning a surrender? 


—-059§ 00-——_ 


LESSON XXIX 


THE THIRD DECLENSION, EXCEPTIONS TO GENERAL RULES 
FOR GENDER— READING LESSON 


174. In the following list will be found the principal exceptions 
to the general rules for gender, which will be needed in your work 
in this book. These words should be thoroughly learned. 


collis, is, m., 42// ménsis, is, m., 7zoth 

déns, dentis, m., /ooth mons, montis, m., wzountain 
finis, is, m., ed, Limit Ordo, inis, m., order, rank 
fons, fontis, m., fountain pés, pedis, m., foot 

ignis, is, m., fre pons, pontis, m., dridge 
iter, itineris, n., journey sanguis, inis, m., d/ood 
lapis, idis, m., s/ove s0l, sOlis, m., szz 


vertex, icis, m., summit © 


State the rule to which each of the above is an exception. 


175. Account for the gender of the following (see 25) : — 


consul, ulis, m., consul rémex, igis, m., rower 
dux, ducis, m., ader senex, senis, m., o/d man 
itidex, icis, m., judge soror, Gris, f., sister 


176. The Ablative Absolute.— Examine the following : — 


Urbe capta, arma tradidérunt, after the city had been captured, 
they gave up their arms (lit. the city having been captured). 


Observe that urbe is in the Ablative, that capta agrees with it, 
and that urbe capta shows the time of giving up their arms. 





1 See 178, L, 7. 


et i oe 


THE THIRD DECLENSION 73 


RuLe.—A noun or pronoun limited by a participle is often used 
in the construction called the Ablative Absolute to 
denote the time or other circumstances of the action. 


Notre. — The Ablative Absolute is often translated into English by a sub- 
ordinate clause of time, cause, condition, etc. 


177. Observe carefully the translation of the following sen- 
tences : — 
1. Dato signo, ad mare properavérunt, a/ a given signal, they 
hastened to the sea (lit. the signal having been given). 

_2. Nostris timentibus, proelium hostés renovavérunt, since our 
men were afraid, the enemy renewed the battle (our men 
being afraid). 

3. Multis occisis, acriter pugnavérunt, a/though many were killed, 
they fought fiercely (many having been killed). 


178. Examine the following : — 


Caesare duce, oppidum oppugnavérunt, under Caesar’s leadership, 
they attacked the town (Caesar [being] leader). 


RULE. — Two nouns, or a noun and an adjective, may be used 
together in the Ablative Absolute. 


179. VOCABULARY 
agmen, inis, n., ine of march. inciiso, are, Avi, atus, accuse. 
Crassus, I, m., Crassus. occid6, ere, I, cisus, £7//. 
culpa, ae, f., fault. promitt6, ere, misi, missus, send 
frigus, oris, n. (sing. or pl.), cold. forward, promise. 
meus, a, um, my, mine. pigns, are, avi, atus, fight. 
suus, a, um, Ais, her, their, its. fortiter, adv., dravely. 
dic6, ere, dixi, dictus, say, ¢e//. graviter, adv., gravely, severely. 


itaque, conj., and so, therefore. 


180. EXERCISES! 


I. 1. Framentum quod Aedui promittébant? nondum suppe- 
tébat. 2. Graviter Aeduds inctisat quod frimentum non praebent. 





1 Refer constantly to 176, 177, 178. 2 kept promising. 


74 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


3. Deditione facta obsidés et arma Caesari tradébant. 4. Caesar 
agmine educto ad verticem montis alti properavit. 5. Liscus dicit: 
“Culpa mea non est.” 6. Ponte interscisso agmen flumen non 
traducebat. 7. Frumentum propter frigora in agris nondum 
maturum erat; itaque Aedui non praebent. 8. Longum iter, 
multis prohibentibus, per collés et monteés faciebat. 9. Ducentods 
pedeés a vertice Gius montis erat pons. 


II. 1. Since’ the cold was great, the grain was not yet ripe. 
2. The fault is mine; therefore I shall not severely accuse 
you. 3. Although many were killed,’ the rest-of-the soldiers 
fought fiercely. 4. The mountains were high, and so the soldiers 
were remaining in the fields. 5. When? the signal had been 
given, the line of march hastened to the neighboring hill. 6. In 
the consulship? of Crassus they took many towns by storm. 
7. The soldiers say : ‘“‘ We will wage war bravely, if' Caesar is (our) 
leader.”” 8. Caesar accused the Aeduans gravely, because grain 
was not at hand. 


181. READING LESSON 


Frimentum quod Aedui Romanis promittebant non suppeteébat, 
itaque Caesar id cottidié flagitabat ; Aedui autem dixérunt®; “ Fri- 
mentum in agris propter frigora nondum matirum est.” Caesar 
principes Aeduorum convocavit, in quibus Divitiacus, amicus 
populi Romani, et Liscus erant. Graviter eOs inctisavit quod 
framentum non praebérent.* Liscus autem dicit: “ NOn est mea 
culpa, sed Dumnorigis. Is contra populum ROmanum coniura- 
tionem facit. 





1 Observe all indications of the Abl. Abs. 

2 Lit. Crassus being consul, see 178. 

8 dixérunt, third pers. plur. of the Perf. of dicd. 
4 they did not furnish. 





, 
r 
$ 
é 
i 
by 


THE THIRD CONJUGATION 75 


LESSON XXX 


THE THIRD CONJUGATION, THE PERFECT SYSTEM — THE 
ABLATIVE OF CAUSE 


182. The Perfect stem of verbs of the Third Conjugation is 
formed in various ways. A large number is formed by adding -si 
to the root: regd, réxi (for reg-si). 


183. PerFrecr PLUPERFECT FuTURE PERFECT 
I ruled or have ruled, etc. I had ruled, etc. L shall have ruled, etc. 
SINGULAR 
I. réx-i réx-era-m réx-er-6 
2. réx-i-sti réx-era-s réx-eri-s 
3. réx-i-t réx-era-t réx-eri-t 
PLURAL 
I, réx-i-mus réx-era-mus réx-eri-mus 
2. réx-i-stis réx-era-tis réx-eri-tis 
3. réx-6runt réx-era-nt réx-eri-nt 


Compare the formation of the Perfect system of this verb with 
those of the two preceding conjugations. See 156 and 166. 

What are the stem, tense signs, and personal endings in the 
above paradigm ? 


184. Examine the following : — 


I. Milités Caesarem liberalitate laudant, che soldiers praise Caesar 
Sor his generosity. 
2. Multis dé causis Caesar milités laudavit, for many reasons 
Caesar praised the soldiers. 
Observe that liberalitate and causis are in the Ablative, and 
denote cause. 
Rue. — The Ablative is used with or without a preposition to 
denote cause. 


NorEe.—The prepositions dé and ex with the Ablative and ob and 
propter with Accusative are used to express cause. 


76 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


185. , VOCABULARY 
causa, ae, f., cause, reason. liberalitas, atis, f., liberality, gener- 
frater, tris, m., drother. ostty. 
fuga, ae, f., Zight. amplus, a, um, /arge, spacious. 
furor, Oris, m., fury. reprehend6, ere, I, hénsus, J/ane. 
initium, I, n., deginning. apud, prep. w. Acc., a/, near, among, 
initium faci6, degin. in the presence of. 

186. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Caesar Dumnorigem, fratrem Divitiaci, cupiditate repre- 
henderat. 2. Dumnorix magna apud suam civitatem propter 
liberalitatem gratia’ erat. 3. Equités hostium initium fugae faci- 
unt. 4. Multis dé causis Caesar pontem in Arare facit et ad hostés 
contendit. 5. Interea in unum locum contendérunt et castra 
miunire cOnstituérunt. 6. Copias ad flumen duximus et hostés ab 
itinere prohibuimus. 7. Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, in 
finés Helvetiorum propter cupiditatem agrorum suas cOpias tra- 
dicebant. 8. Castra Romanorum ampla erant, qua dé causa 
hostés discedere cOnstituérunt. 9. Armis traditis in deditionem 
hostés Caesar accipit. 1o. Prima hora é castris Helvetiorum ad 
Rhénum finésque Germanorum contendimus. 


II. 1. For many reasons Caesar decided to attack the enemy 
near the river. 2. The brother of Divitiacus begins (makes a 
beginning of) a conspiracy. 3. Caesar praised Divitiacus for his 
generosity, but blamed Dumnorix for his desire of royal-power. 
4. They had sent messengers to Caesar concerning surrender, 
because they feared the name of the Roman people. 5. He will 
receive them into surrender on account of the influence of Divi- 
tiacus. 6. Caesar ordered them to hasten toward the hill, and 
keep the enemy from the march. 7. Caesar hastened with all his 
troops towards the Helvetians, who sent ambassadors to him con- 
cerning a surrender. 8. The enemy easily defended the town on 
account of the width of the ditch. 





1 Abl. of quality. See 157. 


Ep S Se hg eee 


SR ARE PT EET Ae eee Ne eT Nee ee ME RTS US Reema me nT ANY > J 


ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 77 


LESSON XxXXI 


ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION—THE ABLATIVE 
OF MANNER 


187. Adjectives of the Third Declension have in the Nominative 
singular either one, two, or three terminations. 

1. Those of two or three terminations have the same number 
of syllables in the Nominative and Genitive singular, and are 
vowel stems. 

2. Adjectives of three terminations end in the masculine sin- 
gular in -er, feminine -is, neuter -e. ‘They have regularly -i in 
the Ablative singular, -ium in the Genitive plural, -és or -is in the 
Accusative plural of masculines and feminines, and -ia in the 
Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative plural of neuters. 


—-:188. Acer, acris, acre, keen, sharp, fierce 
SINGULAR PLURAL 

Mase. Fem. Neut. Mase. Fem. Neut. 
N.V. acer acr-is acr-e acr-és acr-és acr-ia 
G. 4acr-is dcr-is dcr-is acr-ium acr-ium acr-ium 
D.  4acr-i acr-i acr-i acr-ibus acr-ibus acr-ibus 
Ac. @acr-em aAcr-em 4cr-e acr-€s(is) Aacr-6s(is) dAcr-ia 
Ab. Acr-i acr-i acr-i acr-ibus acr-ibus acr-ibus 


189. Adjectives of two terminations have but one form for the 
masculine and feminine. 


Pacilis, facile, casy 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut, 
N.V. facil-is facil-e facil-és facil-ia 
G.  facil-is facil-is facil-ium facil-ium 
D.  facil-i facil-i facil-ibus facil-ibus 
Ac. facil-em  _facil-e facil-és(is) facil-ia 


Ab.  facil-i facil-i facil-ibus facil-ibus 


78 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


190. All other adjectives of the Third Declension are consonant 
stems, and with the exception of comparatives have but one form 
for the Nominative singular. A few have -um in the Genitive plural. 


191. Ferax, fertile 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc, and Fem. Neut. 
N.V. ferax ferax ferac-és ferac-ia 
G. ferac-is ferac-is ferac-ium ferac-ium 
D. = ferac-i ferac-i ferac-ibus ferac-ibus 
Ac. ferac-em ferax ferac-és ferac-ia 
Ab. ferac-i(e) ferac-i(e) ferac-ibus ferac-ibus 


Compare the declension of these adjectives with that of nouns 
of the Third Declension. See 128. 


192. Examine the following : — 


1. Cum clamGre vénérunt, ‘hey came with a shout. 

2. Magna celeritate contendérunt, sey hastened with great speed. 

3. Magna cum celeritate contendérunt, ‘hey hastened with great 
speed. 


Observe that in 1 and 3 the Ablative with cum and in 2 the 
Ablative alone expresses the manner of the action. 


Rue. — The manner in which an act is performed is expressed by 
a noun in the Ablative with cum when it has no quali- 
fying adjective, by the Ablative with or without cum 
when it has a qualifying adjective. 


193. VOCABULARY 
audacia, ae, f., bo/dness, daring. equester, tris, tre, equestrian. 
celeritas, atis, f., speed, swiftness. equestrés cOpiae, cavalry forces. 
ctist6s, Gdis, m. and f., guard. félix, félicis, appy. 
subsidium, I, n., 4e/p, reinforcement. fortis, e, brave. 
brevis, e, brief, short. omnis, e, @//, every. 
difficilis, e, dificult, hard. pedester, tris, tre, pedestrian. 
dissimilis, e, unlike, dissimilar. pedestrés copiae, infantry forces, 


similis, e, /4e, similar. 


Decline equester, fortis, and félix, 


se 


4 





me 4) ea ae 
Pa AE ETO IM, ae a 


THE FOURTH CONJUGATION 79 


194. EXERCISES 


I. 1. In finés Aeduorum contendérunt et edrum agros vasta- 
verunt. 2. Cum clamore per longam et difficilem viam ad finés 
Allobrogum veniebant. 3. Per brevem facilemque viam suas 
copias ad collem altum adduxerat. 4. Pedestrés cOpiae erant 
Caesari subsidio, equestrés cOpiae impedimento. 5. Sororés simi- 
lés erant, fratrés dissimiles. 6. Magna audacia in hostes pede- 
strés cOpias dixisti. 7. Ea de causa magnum numerum obsidum 
postulavimus. 8. Custodeés félicés erant, quod oppidum deéfende- 
rant. g. Caesar omnes equités audacia laudavit, quod hostés ab 
itinere prohibebant. 10. Tribus horis murum audacia militum 
deléverit. 11. Oppido magna celeritate expugnato, custodés in 
muro Caesar posuit. 

II. 1. The boy is not happy, because the master blames 
him. 2. All the army hastens from the camp towards the moun- 
tain. 3. Caesar is a man of great influence among his soldiers. 
4. The way through our province was easy, through the mountains 
difficult. 5. The soldiers were brave, because they were fighting 
in sight of Caesar. 6. The Helvetians will lead their forces with 
speed across the Rhine to the fertile fields of the Germans. 7. For 
many reasons Caesar decided to send aid to the Aedui. 


——ov2400—— 


LESSON XXXII 


THE FOURTH CONJUGATION AND VERBS IN -i6 OF THE 
THIRD CONJUGATION, PERFECT SYSTEM—WORD LIST— 
READING LESSON 


195. Audis, ire, ivi, itus 
PERFECT PLUPERFECT 
I heard, have heard, etc. I had heard, etc. 
SING. PLUR. SING, PLUR. 
I. audiv-i audiv-i-mus audiv-era-m audiv-era-mus 
2. audiv-i-sti audiv-i-stis audiv-era-s audiv-era-tis 


3. audiv-i-t audiv-érunt audiv-era-t audiv-era-nt 


80 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


FUTURE PERFECT 
I shall have heard, etc. 


SING, 


I. audiv-er-6 
2. audiv-eri-s 
3. audiv-eri-t 


PLUR. 
audiv-eri-mus 


audiv-eri-tis 


audiv-eri-nt 


196. Capi6, ere, cépi, captus 
PERFECT PLUPERFECT 
I took, have taken, etc. I had taken, etc. 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
I. Cép-i cép-i-mus cép-era-m cép-era-mus 
2. cép-i-sti cép-i-stis cép-era-s cép-era-tis 
3. Cép-i-t cép-érunt cép-era-t cép-era-nt 


FUTURE PERFECT 
I shall have taken, etc, 


SING. PLUR. 

I. Cép-er-6 cép-eri-mus 
2. cép-eri-s cép-eri-tis 
3. Cép-eri-t cép-eri-nt 


Inflect through the Perfect system faci, facere, féci, factus, 
and miini6, ire, ivi, itus. 


197: VOCABULARY 
lux, liicis, f., Zigh?. averto, ere, 1, versus, ‘urn aside. 
prima lice, at daybreak. interdiit, adv., dy day. 
profectis, Snis, f., departure, setting nocti, adv., dy night. 
speculator, Oris, m., spy. [out. qua dé causa, adv. phr., for ¢his 
timor, Gris, m., fear. reason, therefore, why. 
certus, a, um, fixed, certain. quaré, adv., wherefore, why. 


198. EXERCISES 


I. 1. In fines Aeduorum Caesar prima luce pervénit. 2. Specu- 
latores in fines hostium noctu pervenérunt et agros eOrum vasta- 
verunt. 3. Qua dé causa profectidnem ex urbe cum omnibus 
copiis properavit? 4. Helvetii oppida propter timorem incola- 
rum castellis muniverant. 5. Saepe interdiu, saepe noctu agmen 


i 
my 
my 


Si ie 






i, ere 


ET fe ee eS ee 





4 
, 
aH 


WORD LIST 81 


per fines Aeduorum duximus. 6. Certa dé causa ei! timor erat ; 
quaré iter a flumine avertit. 7. Prima luce certo ordine € castris 
exercitum duxerit et in Helvétios impetum fécerit. 8. Ad portam 
interdiii pervénérunt, noctu autem in urbem milités duxérunt. 


II. 1. He will have turned his march aside from the moun- 
tains, because the way is narrow and difficult. 2. The scouts 
came by night into the towns of the Aedui. 3. The line of march 
had not yet a fixed order. 4. He will have arrived at daybreak 
in the towns of the Aedui, who are friends of the Roman people. 
5. For a certain reason I have not yet sent the scouts into the 
camp of the Romans. 6. On account of fear of the enemy he 
has moved his camp to the river-bank. 7. Why did the scouts 
come by day into the Roman province ? 





199. WORD LIST V 
*accipio Divitiacus *interditi *promittd 
*kacer *domesticus *interscind6 propter 
**A criter *equester *itaque *pigno 
**Agmen *equestrés coOpiae **iubed *qua dé causa 
**ka gd *ex itinere **iiidex *quaré 
amplus ** facile lapis *rémex 
apud **facilis *atitiids *reprehend6 
*audacia félix . *liberalitas **retined 
**avertd ferax Liscus *sanguis 
brevis flagitd lux *senex 
causa fons *matiirus **similis 
certus **fortis m€nsis sol 
cis **fortiter *meus soror 
*cOpiae domesticae _frater *noctii *speculator 
Crassus frigus *nondum *subsidium 
*culpa *fuga *occidd *suppetd 
*ciistds furor *omnis *suus 
*déditid graviter *Ordo **tened 
déles ignis *pedester *terred 
dens *inctiso *pedestrés cOpiae **timed 
*dicd *initium *praebed **timor 
** difficilis *initium facid *prima liice **vertex 
**dissimilis integer *profectio vis 
1 See 146. 


BEGIN. LAT. BK.—6 


82 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


200. READING LESSON 


Dumnorix, frater Divitiaci, vir magna audacia magnaque gratia 
apud plébem! propter liberalitatem, initium fugae fécit, Helve- 
tidsque per finés Séquanorum traduxit. Eum Caesar ad sé” vo- 
cavit. Ostendit quae’ in eo reprehenderet* et ei custodés posuit. 
Labiénum’ légatum cum duabus legionibus ad montem misit. 
Prima luce nuntius ad Caesarem vénit, qui dixit: “ Hostés montem 
tenent, vidi enim arma Gallorum.” Caesar cOpias in proximum ® 
collem duxit et milités a proelio prohibuit. 


——-0793,00-—. 


LESSON XXXIII 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES—ABLATIVE WITH COMPARA- 
TIVES 


201. As in English, adjectives have three degrees of compari- 
son, —the positive, comparative, and superlative. ‘Those regularly 
compared drop the stem vowel of the positive, if there is one, and 
add -ior, -ius to form the comparative, and -issimus, a, um, to form 
the superlative; but 

1. Adjectives in -er form the superlative by adding -rimus to 
the Nominative. 

2. Six adjectives in -lis (facilis, easy; difficilis, difficult ; 
similis, Ze; dissimilis, unlike; gracilis, graceful; humilis; 
humble) form the superlative by adding -limus to the stem after 
its final vowel has been dropped. 





1 plébem, Acc. sing. of plébs, “he common people. 

2 86, himself. 

8 quae, inter. pron. neut., plur., waz. 

4 reprehenderet, third pers. sing. Imperf. Subj., Ze d/amed. 
5 Labienus, one of Caesar’s lieutenants. 

6 proximum, she next or nearest. 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 83 


202. Positive COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 
dénsus (dénso) dénsior dénsissimus 
fortis (forti-) fortior fortissimus 
acer (acri) acrior acerrimus 
similis (simili) similior simillimus 


Compare: altus, brevis, difficilis, liber, poténs, vastus, laetus, 
paratus. 


203. Declension of Comparatives. 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
Masc, and Fem, Neut. Masc. and Fem, Neut, 
N.V. fortior fortius fortiGr-és forti6r-a 
G.  fortidr-is fortidr-is forti6r-um forti6r-um 
D. = fortidr-i forti6r-i fortidr-ibus fortidr-ibus 
Ac. forti6r-em fortius fortior-és (is) fortior-a 
Ab. forti6r-e(i) forti6r-e(i) forti6r-ibus forti6r-ibus 


All superlatives are declined like fidus, a, um. 


- 204. Examine the following : 


1. Honor hominibus carior vita est, honor ts dearer to men than 
life. 
2. Honor hominibus carior est quam vita, honor is dearer fo men 
than life. 
In 1 vita is in the Ablative case after the comparative carior : 


in 2 vita is in the Nominative case after carior with quam, Zhan. 


Rue. — The Ablative is used after the comparative when quam is 
omitted ; but when it is expressed the same case fol. 
lows as precedes. 


NoTE.— Quam may be used with any case preceding; it need not be 
used after the Nominative or Accusative; it mst be used after the other cases. 
205. Examine the following: 


1. Puer erat audacior, the boy was rather bold (or too bold). 
2. Vir fortissimus erat Caesar, Caesar was a very brave man. 


84 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


RuLEs.—1. The comparative is sometimes used to express a 
rather high or too high a degree of the quality. 
2. The superlative is often used to express, not the 
highest, but a very high degree of the quality. 


206. VOCABULARY 
honor, Gris, m., onor. vastus, a, um, vas¢. 
mora, ae, f., delay. dédiics6, ere, diixi, ductus, /ead 
tempus, oris, n., /ime. down. 
audax, acis, old. intr6ditcG, ere, diixi, ductus, /ad 
carus, a, um, dear, precious. into, introduce. 
paratus, a, um, prepared, ready. postquam, conj., afer. 
poténs, entis, powerful. quam, conj., than. 
207. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Legati ex civitatibus multis brevi tempore convenerunt. 
2. Divitiacus Dumnorige potentior erat. 3. Germani finitimis 
fortiorés erant. 4. Oppido expugnato, incolae legatos sine mora 
ad Caesarem dé déditione miserunt. 5. Pueri sunt miserrimi 
quod magister semper amicOs incusat. 6. Puer audacior est 
quam senex. 7. Dux erat felicissimus postquam suas copias 
magna celeritate ad flumen déduxit.' 8. Parati erant breviore 
tempore convenire. 9g. In Galliam Caesar multds et? fortissimds 
milités introduxit. 10. Puer acerrimus erat, non autem gracilli- 
mus. 


II. 1. Life is very precious* to all men. 2. In a very short 
time the enemy hastened to the river. 3. The Aedui were more 
powerful than their neighbors. 4. The march through the terri- 
tory of the Aedui was very easy. 5. The legions were a great 
protection to the city. 6. Caesar was in great honor among the 
Romans. 7. After they had come together‘ into the vast fields 
they led their forces down to a very wide river. 8. War is dearer 
to a soldier than peace. 





1 Trans. had led down. 3 See 205, 2. 
2 Omit in translating. 4 Use the Perf. 





THE VERB Sum, 


LESSON XXXIV 


85 


PERFECT SYSTEM — Possum — THE FIFTH 


DECLENSION — READING LESSON 


208. 


PERFECT 


I was, have been, etc. 


1. fu-i 
2. fu-i-sti 
3. fu-i-t 


1. fu-i-mus 
2. fu-i-stis 
3.° fu-6runt 


Sum, esse, fui 


PLUPERFECT 
I had been, etc. 
SINGULAR 
fu-era-m 
fu-era-s 
fu-era-t 


PLURAL 
fu-era-mus 
fu-era-tis 
fu-era-nt 


FUTURE PERFECT 


I shall have been, etc. 


fu-er-6 
fu-eri-s 
fu-eri-t 


fu-eri-mus 
fu-eri-tis 
fu-eri-nt 


Observe points of resemblance to verbs of the regular conjuga- 


tions. 


209. Possum, / am adle, I can, is compounded of pot- (potis 


or pote) and sum. 


PRESENT 


Iam able, etc. 


I, pos-sum 
2. pot-es 
3. pot-est 


I. pos-sumus 


2. pot-estis 
3. pos-sunt 


Possum, posse, potui 


IMPERFECT 
I was able, etc. 
SINGULAR 


pot-eram 
pot-eras 
pot-erat 


PLURAL 
pot-eramus 
pot-eratis 
pot-erant 


FUTURE 


I shall be able, etc. 


pot-er6 
pot-eris 
pot-erit 


pot-erimus 
pot-eritis 
pot-erunt 


86 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT 
I have been able, etc. I had been able, ete. I shall have been able, etc. 

SINGULAR 

I, pot-ui pot-ueram pot-uer6 

2. pot-uisti pot-ueras pot-ueris 

3. pot-uit pot-uerat pot-uerit 

PLURAL 

I. pot-uimus pot-ueramus pot-uerimus 

2. pot-uistis pot-ueratis pot-ueritis 

3. pot-uérunt pot-uerant pot-uerint 


210. The Perfect potui is used for pot-fui. Compare this para- 
digm with that of sum. Note the change of t to s before s, and 
the dropping of f after t. 


211. The use of the Infinitive with verbs denoting to be able, 
dare, undertake, hesitate, and the like, which imply a second act 
of the same subject is called the Complementary Infinitive. Some 
examples of this usage have already been Via It is exactly in 
accord with the English usage. 


912. The Fifth Declension. — The stem ends in é. 
TABLE OF TER- 


Diés, diéi, m., day Rés, rei, f., ching MINATIONS 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
N.V. diés diés rés rés és és 
G. diéi diérum rei rérum é1 érum 
D. diéi diébus rei rébus éi ébus 
Ac. diem diés rem rés em és 
Ab. dié diébus ré rébus é ébus 


213. Diés and rés are the only nouns of the Fifth Declension 
that are declined throughout. ‘The others are declined in the sin- 
gular, and a few are found also in the Nominative and Accusative 
plural. 

Observe that é is long in the Genitive and Dative singular of 
diés, and short in rés. The é of the stem is shortened in the 
Genitive and Dative singular when it is preceded by a consonant. 


4 te | 


THE FIFTH DECLENSION 87 


214. Gender.— Nouns of the Fifth Declension are feminine with 
the exception of diés, which is always masculine in the plural, and 
generally in the singular, except where it refers to some specified 
time. 





215. VOCABULARY 
aciés, 6&i, f., dine of batile. comple6, Gre, 6vi, étus, fi// com- 
Bibracte, is, n., Bibracte. pletely. 
biduum, I, n., space of two days. émitt6, ere, misi, missus, sexd out, 
equus, I, m., Zorse. let loose. 
manus, iis, f., Land, band. instruG, ere, strixi, 
rés, rel, f., thing, fact, affair. strictus, drawup, 
scitum, I, n., shield. ninti6, dare, Avi, 
confertus, a, um, closely crowded. atus, announce, 
cOnfertissim6 Agmine, iz close proclaim. 
array. obtines, Gre, ui, 
triplex, icis, ‘rzp/e. tentus, odiain, hold. Scutrum 


216. : EXERCISES 


I. 1. Bibracte erat oppidum magnum Aeduorum. 2. Caesar 
iter ab Helvétiis avertit quod cOpiam frumenti obtinere non po- 
test. 3. Equités Gallorum eam rem hostibus eo die nuntiaverunt. 
4. Itaque Helvetii dixerunt : “ Romani bellicosi sunt, eOs ab itinere 
prohibére non possumus.” 5. Caesar in colle triplicem aciem 
quattuor legionum instruxit. 6. In* summo colle duas legionés, 
quas in Gallia conscripserat, disponere potuit. 7. Helvétii con- 
fertissima acié primam nostram aciem oppugnaverunt. 8. Caesar 
légatos ex cOnspectt omnium equods abdicere iussit. 9. Scuta 
Gallis magno impedimento ad pugnam fuérunt. 10. Multi acriter 
sine sclitis pugnare poterant. 11. Itaque scuta € manu e€miserunt 
et sine eis pugnaverunt. 12. Multos diés in castris hostium fuerint 
speculatores. 


II. 1. Caesar on that day drew up a triple line of battle, and 
sent one legion as? a guard to the baggage. 2. Scouts will an- 





1 On the top of the hill. 2 Double Dative; see 129. 


88 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


nounce this fact to Caesar at daybreak. 3. The Gauls with a 
closely crowded line of battle hastened toward our camp. 4. We 
are able to remain a space of two days in the city. 5. Caesar 
could station two legions as a guard to the camp. 6. They can 
make a march of two days toward the enemy who are storming 
the town. 7. The horses of the Gauls were large and beautiful. 
8. Will you not announce this fact to the soldiers who are letting 
loose the horses in the camp? g. They cannot fight without 
shields. 


217. | READING LESSON 


Caesar, quod exercitui copia frimenti non erat, iter ab Helve- 
tiis avertit et Bibracte,’ ad oppidum magnum Aeduorum, contendit. 
Ea re hostibus per equités nuntiata,? Helvétii quoque iter suum 
avertere constituunt. Caesar in medio colle® triplicem aciem 
quattuor legionum instruxit ; duas enim, quas in Gallia proxime* 
conscripserat, praesidio impedimentis disposuerat. Galli fortiter 
acriterque pugnaverunt, Romani autem magna virtute audaciaque 
contendérunt et multds hostium ° interfécérunt. 


——0@400— 


LESSON XXXV 


THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE—THE ABLATIVE 
OF MEANS 


218. The passive voice in the Latin corresponds in general to 
the passive in English. 


219. The principal parts of a verb in the passive voice are the 
first person singular of the Pres. Ind., the Pres. Inf., and the first 
person singular of the Perf. Ind.: vocor, vocari, vocatus sum. 





lad is omitted after verbs of motion with names of towns; Aastens fo 
Bibracte. 2 Abl. Abs. ° on the middle of the hill. ‘* last, most recently, 
5 many of the enemy. 


PLUR, 


THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE 89 


220. PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE TERMINA- 


TIONS OF 
Lam called,etc. Iwascalled,etc. TI shail be called, etc. THE PASSIVE 
SING. 


- VOC-O-r voca-ba-r voca-bo-r -r 

. voca-ris(re) vocda-ba-ris(re) voca-be-ris(re) -ris, -re 
voca-tur voca-ba-tur voca-bi-tur -tur 

. voca-mur voca-ba-mur voca-bi-mur -mur 

. voca-mini voca-ba-mini voca-bi-mini -mini 

. voca-ntur voca-ba-ntur vocd-bu-ntur -ntur 


WwW He &W HA 


PERFECT PLUPERFECT FuTURE PERFECT 


I have been called, I had been called, 1 shall have been called, 
etc, etc. etc, 


I, voca-t-us sum voca-t-us eram voca-t-us er6 
SING. 2. voca-t-us es voca-t-us eras voca-t-us eris 

3. voca-t-us est voca-t-us erat voca-t-us erit 

I. voca-t-I sumus voca-t-I eramus voca-t-I erimus 
PLUR. 2. voca-t-i estis voca-t-i eratis voca-t-I eritis 
3. voca-t-I sunt voca-t-i erant voca-t-I erunt 


221. Observe’ that the tense signs in the Present, Imperfect, and 
Future are the same as in the active voice, and that the Perfect, 
Pluperfect, and Future Perfect are formed by combining the Per- 
fect passive participle with the Present, Imperfect, and Future 
of sum. 


222. In the preceding paradigm the participle has, for con- 
venience, been given in the masculine only; but it is declined 
like fidus, and must agree with the subject in gender, number, 
and case. 

223. Notice the change of the tense sign bi in the Future 
to b in the first person singular, be in the second person singular, 


and bu in the third person plural. 
Inflect arm6 and exspecto in the passive voice. 


224. Examine the following : — 


I. Télis agricolas armant, ‘hey arm the farmers with weapons. 
2. Pil6 miles pugnaverat, the soldier had fought with a javelin. 


Télis and pild are in the Ablative case, and denote the means 
or instrument of an action. 


gO THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


RuLe.— The means or instrument of an action is expressed by 
the Ablative case without a preposition. 


225. VOCABULARY 
frigés, um, f. pl., produce, fruits (of vallum, I, n., rampart, wall. 
field). appell6, are, avi, atus, ca//, name. 


gladius, I, m., sword. fled, Gre, flévi, flétus, weep, cry. 
2 9 iuv6, are, ivivi, ititus, assisé. 

; posco, ere, popdsci, —, demand. 

GLapius restituG, ere, I, titus, restore. 


© 






némo, —, Dat., némini, m., zo ove. supersum, esse, fui, futirus, Je 
triduum, I, n., space of three days. over, Survive. 
226. EXERCISES 


I. 1. In e6 locd imperatéri mora tridui erat quod milités gla- 
diis scuitisque armabantur. 2. Ab hora septima ad vesperum 
pugnatum est.’ 3. Legati flebant et pacem ab Caesare petébant. 
4. Nauta pilis scutoque non armatur. 5. Sud adventi Caesar 
obsidés armaque poposcit. 6. Impedimenta militum iimentis 
carrisque portata sunt. 7. Reliquis omnibus in deéditidnem ac- 
ceptis, Caesar Helvétios oppida vicOsque restituere iussit. 8. Mili- 
tés qui superfuérunt telis acriter pugnaverunt et proelio facto 
magnis itineribus quarto dié in finés amicOrum pervénérunt. 
9g. Némo eo dié frumento iutus est. 10. Pugnatum erit ab hora 
tertia ad vesperum. 


II. 1. The girl was weeping on account of the death of her 
brother. 2. No one could assist the Helvetians with grain. 
3. The fruits of the field were being laid waste. 4. Caesar will 
demand many hostages. 4. Our soldiers were armed with swor 
and shields, and fought bravely for many hours. 5. The fields of 
the Aedui had been laid waste. 6. From this battle not many 
survived, because of the bravery of our soldiers. 7. The bridge 
will have been seized within two hours. 8. The baggage will be 
carried into the camp by beasts of burden. 





1 they fought, lit. it was fought. 


PREPOSITIONS QI 


: 
9 
i 

. 


227. READING LESSON 


‘. Ab hora septima ad vesperum pignatum est; némd autem 

_ aversum ! hostem vidére potuit. In e6 proelid Orgetorigis filiam 
et unum’ é filiis nostri milités cépérunt, et, multds interfécérunt. 
Hominum?® milia CXXX qui superfuérunt magnis itineribus in 

- finés Lingonum‘ contendérunt ibique quarto dié pervénérunt. 
Lingonés autem eOs non iuvare frumento, propter nuntiOs quos 
Caesar miserat, potuerunt. Helvetii, omnium rerum inopia ad- 
ducti, legatos ad eum dé déditione miserunt. Armis obsidibusque 
traditis, Caesar eds in déditionem accépit et oppida vicosque 
quos* déléverant eds restituere iussit. 





ORR 


LESSON XXXVI 
PREPOSITIONS -THE ABLATIVE OF THE AGENT 


228. Prepositions in Latin are properly used with but two cases, 
the Accusative and the Ablative. 

Some govern the Accusative only, some the Ablative only, and 
some the Accusative or Ablative with a difference of meaning. 


229. Examine the following : — 


. Ab urbe properavit, he hastened from the city. 

. Ex urbe properavit, he hastened out of the city. 

. In urbem venit, he came into she city. 

In urbe manébat, he remained in the city. 

. Sub pontem vénit, he came under the bridge. 

. Sub ponte manébat, he remained under the bridge. 


Am BW N 





1 the back of an enemy, \it. an enemy turned away. ? one of his sons. * one 
hundred and thirty thousand men. + the Lingones. 5 which: quos agrees 
with vicGs, its nearest antecedent, but belongs in thought to oppida also. 


92 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


RULES. — 1. Ab is used where motion away from a place is indi- 
cated. 
2. Ex is used where motion out of a place is indicated. 
3. In and sub govern the Accusative with verbs of 
motion, the Ablative with verbs of rest. 

Note. — You have already learned many of the prepositions, together with 
the cases governed by them. Note those given above as governing either the 
Accusative or Ablative. Recall those governing the Ablative only, and add to 
them pro, for, before, in behalf of, and cOram, in the presence of; you will 
then have learned the most important ones governing the Ablative. All 
others given in this book govern the Accusative. 


230. Examine the following : — 
Milités a Caesare convocati sunt, “he soldiers were called together 
by Caesar. 
Observe the use of a with Caesare to express the agent of the 
action. ; 
Rue. — The voluntary agent of an action is expressed by a or ab 
with the Ablative case. . 
Notice the one point of difference between this usage and the 
Ablative of means or instrument. See 224. 


231. VOCABULARY 
campus, I, m., field, plain. titus, a, um, safe. 
capra, ae, f., goat. déscendo, ere, i, scénsus, descend. 
lupus, I, m., wo/f. inquit, “e says, 3d pers. sing. of de- 
pabulum, i, n., fodder, forage. fective verb. 
ripés, is, f., rock, cliff. relinqu6, ere, liqui, lictus, /eave. 
dulcis, e, sweet, pleasant. respondeo6, Ere, spondi, spd6nsus, 
herbidus, a, um, grassy. reply, answer. 
niidus, a, um, zaked, bare. Gir, adv., why. 
sterilis, e, sterile, barren. hic, adv., Aither, to this place. 

232. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Capra in campum herbidum venit. 2. Lupus capram 
in alta rupe vidit. 3. “Cur non,” inquit’ lupus, “ relinquis illa? 





1 Placed regularly in the midst of a direct quotation. 2 those. 


» Ee rs 


READING LESSON 93 


sterilia loca et htic in amplos pulchrosque campos déscendis ?” 
4. “Non relinquam hunc locum tutum,” respondit capra, “ neque 
in herbidds campos descendam.” 5. Rupés, in qua capra erat, 
appellata est a lupo locus nudus et sterilis. 6. Castra reliqué- 
runt quod montés ab hostibus tenebantur. 7. Sub rupe in campo 
herbido erat dulce pabulum. 8. Num capram reprehendimus 
quod ab rupe non déscendit? 9g. Rupes tuta a capra laudata 
est. ro. Pabulum in amplo herbidoque campo a lupo dulce 
appellatum est. 


II. 1. Goats often leave the naked and barren cliffs and 
descend into the grassy plains. 2. “There is good forage,” 
says the wolf, “in the broad fields.” 3. Why were the sol- 
diers praised by their commander? 4. We saw two goats on a 
high and barren rock. 5. I will descend into the grassy plain 
because there is sweet forage there. 6. On the third day the 
grain will be brought from the fields into the cities. 7. We have 
come hither to the camp because the towns have been attacked 
by the enemy. 8. The town which was assaulted by the soldiers 
was called Bibracte. 9g. The soldiers will be called together from 
the towns into the camp by their commander. 


233. READING LEsson: Capra et Lupus 


Lupus capram in alta ripe stantem‘ cOnspicatus,’ “ Cur non,” 
inquit, “relinquis nuda illa et sterilia loca et hic descendis in 
herbidds campos, qui tibi* laetum* pabulum offerunt®?” Cui® 
respondit capra: “ Mihi’ non est in animo dulcia tutis praepo- 
nere.’ ” 





1 stantem, s/anding, Pres. part. of st6, stand, agreeing with capram. 
2 cOnspicatus, Perf. part. of c6mspicor, having seen. 

8 tibi, to you. 6 cul, o whom. Translate Zo him. 
4 laetum, pleasant. 7 mihi, 70 me. 

5 offer. 8 praeponere, /o prefer. 4 


94 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON XXXVII 
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 


234. Some adjectives are irregularly compared. The following 
is a list of the most important : — 


POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 
bonus, good melior, etter optimus,! dest 
magnus, /arge, great maior,” /arger, greater maximus, /argest, greatest 
malus, dad péior, worse pessimus,? wors¢ 
multus, mzch plus, more plirimus, ost 
parvus, swal/ minor, smaller, less minimus, swallest, least 


235.4 Some comparatives and superlatives are formed from 
prepositions or adverbs and have no real positive. 


cis, citra, prep., om this citerior, hither citimus, Aithermost 
side 
in, intra, prep., within interior, zzner _intimus, zxmost 
prae, pro, prep., defore prior, former primus, first 
prope, adv., zear propior, zearer proximus, zearest, next 
ultra, adv., beyond ulterior, farther ultimus, farthest 


236.4 The positive forms of the following seldom occur. 


(exterus) exterior, ouder extrémus, outmost 

(inferus) inferior, /ower Infimus, /owest 

(posterus) posterior, /atter postrémus, /as¢ 

(superus) superior, higher suprémus or summus, 
highest 


237. Examine the following : — 


Interior Gallia, the interior of Gaul. Summus mons, she top of the 
mountain. 





1 Associate with this optimist. 

2 maidrés = ancestors. 

8 Associate with this pessimist. 

4 The teacher should use his judgment as to how many of these should be 
required. 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 95 


RULE. — Adjectives of order and succession, including superlatives 
and some comparatives, denote what part of an object 
is meant. 


238. From senex, o/d man, and iuvenis, young man, come the 
comparatives senior, e/der, and itinior, younger. 


239. VOCABULARY 
calamitas, atis, f., ca/amity, disaster. Tracundus, a, um, irritable, passion- 
equitatus, iis, m., cavalry. ate. 
fabula, ae, f., story, fable. amitt6, ere, misi, missus, send 
imperium, I, n., command, order, gov- away, lose. 

ernment. sustined, Ere, uli, tentus, sustain, 
senatus, tis, m., seaze. ' endure. 
barbarus, a, um, dardarous. dit, adv., Jong, for a long time. 
ferus, a, um, w/d. dititius, adv., /onger. 

240. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Fabula dé capra et lupo optima pulcherrimaque? est. 
2. In silvis Germanorum erant multa et fera animalia. 3. Calami- 
tate maxima accepta, omnem equitatum et omnés copias pedes- 
trés in castra reduxit.2 4. “Imperia Caesaris,’”’ inquit, “ dittius 
sustinére non possumus.”’ 5. Dux Germanorum est homo barba- 
rus iracundusque cuius imperia dit sustinemus. 6. Omnem sena- 
tum omnemque equitatum amiserunt. 7. Imperia ducis militibus 
a légatis nuntiata sunt. 8. Summus collis 4 copiis pedestribus 
occupatus est. g. In citeriorem Galliam maxima cum celeritate 
contendit. 10. Soror meliore animo est quam frater. 11. In 
proximo colle acriter pugnatum est. 12. Iunior est puer amico 
suo, senior sorore. 


II. 1. The best men were violently accused by their irritable 
and barbarous leaders. 2. Our ancestors were of greater courage 
than authority. 3. The chiefs of Gaul feared the Germans, with 
whom they had contended in very many battles. 4. The Gauls 
had lost all their senate and all their cavalry. 5. We cannot 





1 See 205, 2. 2 Infer meaning. 3 See 157. 


96 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


longer endure the orders of that barbarous and passionate man. 
6. You have received a very great disaster on the middle of the 
hill, and lost all your cavalry. 7. The top of the mountain was 
being seized by the forces of the enemy. 8. “The story of the 
goat and the wolf,” says he, “is very beautiful.” 9. “The forces 
of Caesar are in farther Gaul,” says he, “and will hasten into 
winter quarters.” 10. Our ancestors were very brave and good 
men. 


241. READING LESSON 


Bello Helvetiorum confecto, legati Galliae, principés civitatum, 
ad Caesarem convénérunt. Auxilium ab e0 petiérunt’ quod Ger- 
manos timébant. Pro his? Divitiacus locitus est:* “ Multi Ger- 
mani in Gallia sunt, quibuscum* saepe contendimus. Maximam 
calamitatem accepimus. Omnem senatum omnemque equitatum 
amisimus. Ariovistus eOrum rex est, homo barbarus et iracundus. 
Eius imperia dittius sustinére ndn possumus. Ad té* vénimus 
auxilium rogatum.® 


+? 
Vw 





LESSON XXXVIII 


THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE— WORD LIST 


242. Princ. Parts, moneor, monéri, monitus sum 
PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE 
Iam advised, etc. I was advised, etc. I shall be advised, etc. 
I. mone-o-r moné-ba-r moné-bo-r 
SING. = moné-ris(re) moné-b4a-ris(re) | moné-be-ris(re) 
3. moné-tur moné-ba-tur moné-bi-tur 
I. moné-mur moné-ba-mur moné-bi-mur 
PLUR. { 2. moné-mini moné-ba-mini moné-bi-mini 
3. mone-ntur moné-ba-ntur moné-bu-ntur 





1 sought. 2 his, “hese; Abl. pl. of hic, chs one. 8 spoke. * with 
whom ; cum is often attached to pronouns. ‘you. ® rogatum, fo ask, the 
supine (a form to be explained later) of the verb rog6. It expresses purpose. 


THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE 97 


PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT 


Iwas or have been advised, I had been advised, I shall have been advised, 
etc, etc. etc, 


2. moni-t-us es moni-t-us eras moni-t-us eris 


I. moni-t-us sum moni-t-us eram moni-t-us erd 
SING. 
3. Moni-t-us est moni-t-us erat moni-t-us erit 


I, moni-t-i sumus moni-t-i eramus moni-t-i erimus 
PLUR, { 2. moni-t-i estis moni-t-i eratis moni-t-i eritis 
3- moni-t-I sunt moni-t-i erant moni-t-I erunt 
243. VOCABULARY 
concordia, ae, f., concord, harmony, adsum, esse, ful, futiirus, de near, 
discidium, I, n., guarrel, dispute. assist (with Dat.). 
fera, ae, f., wz/d beast. doceé, ére, ui, tus, feach. 
flétus, tis, m., weeping. lani6, are, avi, atus, /ear in pieces, 
incursio, Onis, f., a//ack, incursion. mangle. 
pratum, I, n., meadow. narro, are, avi, Aatus, narrate, fell, 
puella, ae, f., gird. pets, ere, Ivi, itus, seck, beg, attack 
singuli, ae, a, one by one. (Fourth Conj. in Perf. system). 
244. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Trés bovés in uno prato erant. 2. Concordia apud eos 
maxima erat. 3. Qua dé causa ab omni ferarum incursione 
tuti erant. 4. Propter autem discidium singuli a feris laniati 
sunt. 5. Omnés qui aderant magno fletu auxilium a Caesare 
petebant. 6. Dumnorix a Caesare monitus est, coniurationem 
autem contra populum Romanum faciébat. 7. A magistro fabula 
pulcherrima narrabitur. 8. Concordia dulcis est, discidium autem 
apud amicos non est bonum. g. Pueri a magistris docentur. 
10. Multa oppida hostium a Caesare delebuntur. 


II. 1. The farmer was driving his oxen to the river. 2. One 
had been torn in pieces by the wild beasts. 3. A beautiful fable 
about three oxen was told that day by the master. 4. The soldiers 
had not been warned about the danger in the woods. 5. The girl 
was praised, but her brother says: ‘“ The girls are always praised, 

BEGIN. LAT. BK. — 7 


98 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


the boys never (are).’’ 6. The enemy had been frightened by the 
name of the Roman people. 7. Many towns had been destroyed 
by Caesar. 8. You were hindered by the weeping of your friends. 


245. WORD LIST VI 
*aciés *cOnfertus **friiges mora *rés 
**adsum *ciir gladius narro *responded 
**9 mittd ** dE diicd gracilis *nemo *restitud 
“*appelld *déscendo herbidus niidus riipés 
*audax *discidium honor *niintio sciitum 
barbarus ** dit *hiic *obtined *senatus 
Bibracte ** diiitius humilis *pabulum *singuli 
**biduum doced *imperium *peto sterilis 
bos dulcis *incursio *pdsco *stO 
calamitas **emittO inquit ** possum **supersum 
campus **equitatus instruo **postquam *sustined 
capra **equus **introdiicd **poténs tempus 
*carus fabula *jracundus *praepond **triduum 
*celeritas **fera iuvo pratum **triplex 
*cé16 **ferus lanio *puella tiitus 
*compled **fleo lupus **quam *yvallum 
*concordia **fEtus *manus *relinquo *vastus 
246. READING Lesson: Zves Boves 


In eddem!? prato erant bovés trés qui in maxima concordia 
pascébantur,’ et sic® ab omni ferarum incursiOne tuti erant. Sed 
discidio inter illds orto,* singuli a feris petiti et laniati sunt. 

Fabula docet quantum boni sit® in concordia. 





1 the same. 


2 used to feed: the form will be explained later. 


4 having risen among them. 


5 how much good there is. 


3 thus. 


PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 99 


LESSON XXXIX 


PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES — REVIEW OF COMPARISON 


247. Ullus, any Uter, which (of two) 
SINGULAR SINGULAR 
Mase. Fem, Neut. Mase. Fem, Neut. 
N. tllus tilla illum uter utra utrum 
G. dtllius tllius tllius utrius utrius utrius 
D. tli tli alli utri utri utri 
Ac, tllum tllam tllum utrum utram utrum 
Ab. a116 alla alld utr6 utra utr6 


248. In the plural these adjectives are declined like fidus and 
pulcher, respectively. Observe that the Genitive singular of all 
genders ends in -ius, that the Dative singular ends in -i, and that 
in all other points these adjectives correspond to other o- and a- 
stems. Note the exception in quantity in -ius. Review the com- 
parison of adjectives, Lessons XXXIII and XXXVII. Learn the 
following list of adjectives declined as above : — 


alius, a, ud, another totus, a, um, whole alter, era, erum, she other 
nillus, a, um, 70, zo one Uillus, a, um, eazy neuter, tra, trum, neither 
sOlus, a, um, 2/one, only Tnus, a, um, one uter, tra, trum, which (of two) 


Observe the peculiar form of the neuter in alius. 


249. VOCABULARY 
Ariovistus, I, m., 4rzovistus. nihil, n., indec., zothing. 
adrogantia, ae, f., insolence. salis, itis, f., safety. 
commeatus, tis, m., supplies, frovi- spés, spel, f., Zope. 

Sons. spiritus, tis, m., pride, spirit. 
conloquium, i, n., conference, dia- alius...alius, one... another. 

logue. alter... alter, the one... the other. 
coOnsanguineus, i, m., relative, kins- tristis, e, sad. 

man. — omnin6, adv., af all, all together. 
fortiina, ae, f., fortune. cOnsuésco6, ere, suévi, suétus, de 


negotium, I, n., business, trouble. accustomed, 


100 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


250. Notice the difference between alius . .. alius and 
alter .. . alter. 


251. Examine the following : — 


Alius aliam in partem properavit, one hastened in one direction, 
another in another. 


RULE. — Alius and alter repeated in another case express briefly a 
double statement. 


252. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Alii bellum acriter gesserunt, alii saliitem fuga petiérunt. 
2. Alteri gladium dedit, alterl scutum. 3. Neutrius fortiina erat 
bona. 4. Sequani soli nihil responderunt, sed tristés in conloquio 
maneébant. 5. Fortuna Sequanorum erat gravior quam reliquo- 
rum.’ 6. Spiritus Ariovisti erat magnus, adrogantia autem maior. 
7. Germani suas copias trans Rhenum ducere consuéscunt, et in 
Galliam venire. 8. Alias in partés Galliae venire cOnstituo, alias 
autem in partés venire non possum. 9g. Alius aliud? respondit. 
10. Magno commeatu magnoque negotio milités unum in locum 
duxit. 

II. 1. The soldier was not at all brave, but fled into the woods. 
2. One® hastened to the hill, another ran downto the sea. 3. The 
one was accustomed to lead his army without provisions, the other 
carried supplies on carts with great trouble. 4. They had chosen 
for a conference, a place on the hill. 5. The man’s arrogance 
was very great, for he had been called a friend of the Roman 
people. 6. The pride of the one was great, of the other greater. 
7. The kinsmen of Orgetorix were accustomed to fight bravely. 
8. They will place all hope of safety in flight. 9. They gave 
hostages to no one. 





1 than (that) of the rest, pred. Gen. with erat understood. 
2 See 251. 
8 See alius in the Vocabulary and 250. 


FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS IOI 


253. READING LESSON 


Séquani in conloquio nihil respondeérunt, sed tristés manébant. 
Divitiacus autem pro iis respondit : “‘ Forttina Sequanorum est gra- 
vior reliquorum, quod Ariovistus in eOrum finés suas copias intro- 
duxit et omnia edrum oppida occupavit. Qua dé causa éius 
adrogantia spiritusque magnus’ erat.” Multis de causis Caesar 
légatos ad eum de conloquio mittere cOnstituit, quibus légatis 
Ariovistus respondit: “Ad Caesarem non veniam, nam? neque 
sine magno exercitu in eas partes Galliae, quas Caesar occupavit, 
venire audeo,® neque exercitum sine magno commeati et negotio 
in inum locum contrahere* possum. 





LESSON XL 
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 


254. Formation of Adverbs.— Examine the following : — 


ADJECTIVE ADVERB 
I, carus (caro-), dear caré, dearly 
pulcher (pulchro-), deautiful pulchré, deautifully 


Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of the first and 
second declension by changing -o of the stem to -é. 


2. acer (acri-), sharp acriter, sharply 
lénis (léni-), sooth léniter, smoothly 
priidéns (priident-), prudent priidenter, prudently 


Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of the third 
declension by adding -ter to the stem. Stems in -nt drop -t 
before -ter. 


3. multus, much : multum, much 
subitus, sudden subit6, suddenly 
facilis, easy facile, easily 





1 magnus erat is used in agreement with spiritus and connected in 
thought with adrogantia also. 7? for. *%Jdare. + bring together. 


102 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Sometimes the neuter Accusative singular is used as an ad- 


verb: multum, facile; sometimes the neuter Ablative singular : 
subito. 


255. The comparative of the adverb is the same as the neuter 
comparative of the adjective. The superlative is formed by changing 
the final -o of the stem of the adjective in the superlative to -é. 


256. Learn the following : — 


POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 
acriter acrius acerrimé 
caré carius carissimé 
facile facilius facillimé 
pridenter pridentius pridentissimé 
pulchré pulchrius pulcherrimé 


257. If the adjective is compared irregularly, the same irregu- 
larities will occur in the comparison of the adverb. 


258. Learn the following, and review the comparison of adjec- 
tives, Lesson XXXVII. 


bene, we// melius, Jetter optim, dest 

male, z// péius, worse pessimé, worst 

—— magis, sore maximée, most, especially 
multum, much plis, ore plirimum, most 
parum, ot enough minus, /ess minimé, /east 


Note resemblances to the adjectives compared in 284. 


259. VOCABULARY 
haedus, I, m., 47d. timidus, a, um, /imzd. 
mandatum, I, n., command, instruc- maledic6, ere, dixi, dictus, revi/e, 
tions. rail at (with Dat.). 
respOnsum, I, n., reply, response. redd6, ere, didi, ditus, render, re- 
téctum, I, n., roof. turn, give back. 
vectigal, alis, n., tax, revenue. iterum, adv., again, a second time. 


déterior, ius, adj. in comp., worse, 
of less value. 


FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 103 


260. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Caesar Ariovisto vectigalia déteriora fécit. 2. Haedus, 
qui in téctO domis erat, lupo maximé maledixit. 3. Locus et 
tempus hominés timidds audaceés reddit.’ 4. Eis respOnsis audi- 
tis iterum oppida hostium audacius oppugnaverunt. 5. Ariovistus 
obsidés, quos ab Aeduis habuit, non reddidit. 6. Equis émissis 
acerrime cum hostibus equités contendebant. 7. Germani multo 
acrius quam finitimi cum hostibus contendunt quod eis virés cor- 
poris maiorés sunt. 8. Oppidum facillime deletum est quod inco- 
lae non fortiter defenderunt. 


II. 1. He will very easily make the revenues of Ariovistus of 
less value. 2. When these commands had again been given 
(Abl. Abs.), he suddenly fled with the greatest swiftness to the 
river. 3. To praise is better* than to revile. 4. He acts more 
prudently than his friend, because he fears no one. 5. Kids are 
very timid, but time and place very often render them bold. 
6. The supplies from home were not large, therefore they de- 
manded ripe grain. 7. On account of the cold they came together 
and hastened into winter quarters beyond the river. 8. We 
arrived easily on that day in the territory of the Germans. 


261. Reapinc Lesson*®: Haedus et Lupus 


Haedus stans* in téctd domiis, lupo praetereunti® maledixit. 
Cui® lupus, “ Non ti,” inquit, “sed téctum mihi’ maledicit.” 
Saepe locus et tempus hominés timidos audacés reddit. 





1 The singular is used because the two subjects are so closely associated in 
thought as to form one idea. . 

2 Use neut. sing. comp. of bonus. 

8 From this time on, in both reading lessons and exercises, occasional words 
not found in the special vocabularies will be used. These should be sought in 
the general vocabularies at the end of the book. 

4 Pres, part. of st6, standing. 

5 From praetere6, pass dy, Dat. sing. of Pres. Part., agreeing with lupo. 

8 To him, lit. to whom. 

7 mihi, Dat. sing. of pers. pron.,/o me. Translate by me simply. 


104 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON XLI 


THE THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE — SIMPLE FORMS 


OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE 


262. 


Regor, J am ruled 


Princ. Parts, regor, regi, rectus sum 


PRESENT 


I am ruled, ete. 
I. rego-r 
SING. 2. rege-ris (re) 
3. regi-tur 
I. regi-mur 
PLUR. 2. regi-mini 
3. regu-ntur 


PERFECT 


IMPERFECT 


I was ruled, etc. 


reg6é-ba-r 


regé-ba-ris (re) 


regé-ba-tur 
regé-ba-mur 
regé-ba-mini 
regé-ba-ntur 


PLUPERFECT 


FUTURE 


I shall be ruled, etc. 


rega-r 
regé-ris (re) 
regé-tur 
regé-mur 
regé-mini 
rege-ntur 


FUTURE PERFECT 


ZI was or have been ruled, etc. I had been ruled, etc. I shall have been ruled, etc. 


I. réc-t-us sum 
SING. { 2. réc-t-us es 

3. réc-t-us est 

2. réc-t-i estis 


I. réc-t-I sumus 
PLUR. 
3. réc-t-I sunt 


For changes in the stem vowel, see 128. 


réc-t-us eram 


réc-t-us eras 
réc-t-us erat 


réc-t-I eramus 


réc-t-i eratis 
réc-t-i erant 


réc-t-us ero 
réc-t-us eris 
réc-t-us erit 
réc-t-I erimus 
réc-t-i eritis 
réc-t-i erunt 


Notice the formation 


of the Present Infinitive passive in this conjugation. 


263. Examine the following : — 


1. Milités pugnant fortiter, she soldiers fight bravely. 
2. Dicit milités ptignare fortiter, he says that the soldiers fight 


bravely. 


3. Dux castra movet, the leader moves the camp. 
4. Videt ducem castra movére, he sees that the leader ts moving 


the camp. 


5. Vidit ducem castra movére, he saw that the leader was moving 


the camp. 


SIMPLE FORMS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE 105 


RuLE. — Statements after verbs and other expressions of saying, 
thinking, perceiving and the like are expressed by the 
Infinitive with a subject in the Accusative. 


Observe in 5 the change in tense in the English translation of 
movéere after a verb of past time in the Latin. 


Note, — The subject of the indirect discourse will be more fully discussed 
later. 


264. VOCABULARY 
gallina, ae, f., en. coepi,! isse, def. verb, degin. 
mulier, eris, f., woman. lacess6,? ere, ivi, itus, provoke, 
socius, I, m., comrade, ally. annoy. 
necesse, indecl. adj., zecessary. reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, 


necesse est, i¢ is necessary (often find, discover. 
used with an Infinitive as subj.). super6, are, avi, atus, conguer, sur- 
pass. 


265. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Necesse est inimicOs superare. 2. Dicunt necesse esse 
inimicOs superare. 3. Caesar suo adventt vectigalia Germanorum 
déteriora fécerat. 4. Mulier gallinam habuit. 5. Dixit mulierem 
gallinam habére. 6. Nihil in eis nudis et sterilibus locis repertum 
est. 7. Vidit Gius socids venire. 8. Dicit Caesarem maximam 
iniuriam Ariovisto facere. 9. Hominés barbari et iracundi finiti- 
mos initria® continuo lacessivérunt. 10. Socii Aeduorum a Ger- 
manis saepe lacessebantur. 11. Ad vallum cum plurimis militibus 
mittétur, quod homo fortis et bellicosus est. 12. Coepit socios 
iniuria lacessere. 13. Dixit Ariovistum apud Germanos regere. 
14. Pons ab hostibus interscinditur. 


II. 1. He was (being) sent to Caesar with these commands. 
2. It is necessary to send hostages to Caesar. 3. Ariovistus re- 
plies that the Romans are his enemies. 4. Do you not see that 





1 The forms built on the Perfect stem correspond in time to those built on 
the Present stem in other verbs. 

2 Of the Third Conj. Note forms like verbs of the Fourth Conj. 

8 with injustice, unjustly. 


106 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Caesar is doing a great injury to Ariovistus? 5. War will be 
waged by these states because hostages have not been given by 
their enemies. 6. The allies of the Roman people were provoked 
by the injustice of Ariovistus. 7. He says that the Aedui are 
beginning to assault the towns of the enemy on the march. 
8. Nothing will be found in these barren places. 9g. The Aedui 
will be annoyed by war because they will not give hostages. 
10. He said that Caesar was doing a great injury. 


266. READING LESSON 


His responsis ad Caesarem relatis,| iterum ad Ariovistum 
legatos cum iis mandatis misit. ‘‘ Necesse est tibi? obsidés quos 
ab Aeduis habés reddere, neque AeduOds neque eorum socids in- 
iuria® lacessere.””’ Ad haec* Ariovistus respondit Aeduds, belld 
superatos, sibi® stipendiarids® esse. Caesarem magnam initriam 
facere, qui adventu suo vectigalia sibi deteriora faceret.’ Sé 
obsidés Aeduis reddittrum® non esse, sed cum Germanis paratum 
esse bellum fortiter gerere. 


——-079 0o——. 


LESSON XLII 


REVIEW OF CARDINALS AND ORDINALS — ABLATIVE OF 
DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE 


267. Make a careful review of Lessons XXIII and XXVI. 
Examine the following : — 


I. Puer multd maior est quam soror, the boy is much larger than 
his sister (larger by much). 

2. Mare multis pedibus altius est quam fluimen, “he sea is many 
Jeet deeper than the river (deeper by many feet). > 





1 Abl. Abs., When this answer was brought back. 7? for you. *% See 265, 
n.3. * these things. 5to him. § tributary, adj. agreeing with AeduGs. 
7 Impf. Subj. of faci6. Translate, was making. *® Fut. Inf. in indirect dis- 
course with subject Acc. 86. . ., that he would not return, 


ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE 107 
Mult5 and multis pedibus are each in the Ablative, and ex- 
press the degree of difference between two persons or things. 


Rue. — The Ablative is used without a preposition to express 
the degree of difference between two persons or 


things. 

268. VOCABULARY 
contenti6, Gnis, f., contention, guar- Aéfatig6, are, Avi, atus, weary, ex- 

rel, exertion. haust. 
iiva, ae, f., grape, bunch of grapes. subsilid, ire, ul, —, /eap up. 
vitis, is, f., vzze. ante, adv., before. 
vulpés, is, f., fox. forte, adv., dy chance. 
acerbus, a, um, Jit/er, sour. nunc, adv., ow. 
inanis, e, empty. tandem, adv., at length, at last. 
atting6, ere, tigi, tactus, /ouch upon, 

reach. 

269. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Vulpés quondam itivam in vite vidit. 2. Ad eam subsiluit 
omnium virium contentiOne: 3. Vulpes autem utvam attingere 
non potuit. 4. Tandem inani labore défatigata discessit. 
s. “Acerbae,” inquit, “sunt tivae nec bono sunt vulpi.”* 6. Eas 
autem iivas in via repperi, itaque acerbae non sunt. 7. Vir multo 
senior quam mulier est. 8. Tribus diébus ante in castra venit. 
g. Itaque, commeatibus comparatis, magnis itineribus ad Ariovi- 
stum contendit. 10. EO tempore legati ab Aeduis ad Caesarem 
veniebant. 11. Postquam iter tridui fécit, ea res ei nuntiata est. 


II. 1. There was a large bunch of grapes on the vine. 2. The 
fox could not reach the grapes, for the vine was too high. 3. He 
leaped up with the exertion of all his strength, but at last went 
away without them. 4. “The grapes are sour,” says the fox. 
5. The town had been seized by Ariovistus five days before. 
6. The enemy will have been overcome by Caesar within three 
hours. 7. The mountains were much higher than the hills. 
- 8. The house is many feet higher than the wall. 





1 are not good for a fox. See 129. 


108 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


270. Reapinc Lesson: Acerbae Uvae 


Vulpés tvam in vite cOnspicata’ ad illam? subsiluit omnium 
virium contentione, si? eam forte attingere posset. Tandem deé- 
fatigata inani labore discédéns dixit: “ At* nunc etiam acerbae 
sunt, nec® eas in via repertas tollerem.”® 

Haec fabula docet multds ea contemnere® quae sé adsequi 
posse déspeérent.’ 


—_c.0594 0o—_ 


LESSON XLIII 
PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 


271. Pronouns are divided into the following classes: personal, 
reflexive, possessive, demonstrative, intensive, relative, interroga- 
tive, and indefinite. 

Personal pronouns correspond to the English personals, and are 
declined as follows : — 


272. First Person SECOND PERSON 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
N. ego nos ti vos 
G. mei nostrum, nostri tul vestrum, vestri 
D. mihi nobis tibi vObis 
Ac. mé nos té vos 
Ab. mé nobis té vobis 


273. The personal pronoun of the third person is lacking. Its 
place is supplied by the demonstratives, more usually by is. 


274. The Reflexive. 
SINGULAR AND PLURAL 
G. sul, of himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
D. _ sibi, zo or for himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
Ac. 86, sés6, himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
Ab. 86, sés6, from, by, with himself, herself, itself, themselves. 





l having seen. *it. %si ... posset, Zo see if it could. * but. ® and 
I would not pick up. ° that many despise, ind. disc. 17 which they despair of 
being able to obtain. 


PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS IO9Q 


275. Observe carefully the following points in the use of these 
pronouns. | 

1. The Nominative of the personals is not expressed except for 
emphasis: ego sum miser, ti es laetus, / am wretched, but you 
are happy. 

2. The personals of the first and second persons are often used 
in a reflexive sense: ego mé culpo, / d/ame myself; ta té laudas, 
you praise yourself. 

3. When reference is made in the oblique cases to the subject 
of a sentence, the reflexive sui, etc., is used for the third person: 
miles sé occidit, the soldier killed himself; miles eum occidit, 
the soldier killed him. 

4. When the preposition cum is used with the personal and re- 
flexive pronouns, it is always an enclitic. With the relative or 
interrogative it may or may not be an enclitic: mécum, with me ; 
sécum, with him (himself) ; quibuscum or cum quibus, weth whom. 


276. VOCABULARY 
facultas, atis, f., opportunity, supply. prOocédd, ere, cessi, cessus, Zro- 
Haridés, um, m. pl., she Harudes. ceed, advance. 
tisus, tis, m., use, need, experience. redim6, ere, 6mi, émptus, purchase. 
Vesontio, Onis, m., Vesontio. tramsport6, dre, avi, atus, bring 
imper6, are, avi, atus, order, com- over, transport. 

mand, vincG, ere, vici, victus, conquer. 
praesum, esse, ful, d¢ over, be in celeriter, adv., guichly. 

command of (with Dat.), niper, adv., recently. 


277. SPECIAL EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS 


I. 1. Ego sum nauta, tu es agricola. 2. Tecum miser ero 
nunquam. 3. Vir sé laudat, ego autem eum non laudo. 4. Nos 
omnes in silva eramus. 5. Vestri amici vos non reprehendunt. 
6. Mihi gladium dedit. 7. Tibi erat amicus fidus. 

II. 1. The soldier was with you. 2. The girl will never praise 
him. 3. The man has always defended himself. 4. You will 
always have faithful friends. 5. You will be unhappy, your 
daughter happy. 6. You will give us many weapons. 


110 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


278. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Aedui ad Caesarem celeriter vénérunt quod Hariidés 
eorum finés vastabant. 2. Pacem Ariovisti redimere n6n potestis 
quod homo barbarus et iracundus est. 3. Dixit centum pagods 
Germanorum ad ripas Rhéni esse. 4. Postquam viam tridui pro- 
cessit, id Caesari niintiatum est. 5. Omnium earum rerum magna 
facultas Vesontione’ erat. 6. Hae rés tsui ad bellum erant. 
7. Huc Caesar magnis itineribus contendit, occupatOque oppido, 
ibi praesidium disponit. 8. Celeriter omnibus hostibus victis, in 
hiberna exercitum rediuxit. 

II. 1. Two brothers were in command of? a hundred districts 
of the Germans. 2. Caesar and Ariovistus also were hastening 
by forced marches towards Vesontio, which is the largest town of 
the Sequani. 3. The Germans had recently brought over a large 
number of their forces into the territory of the Aedui. 4. Ario- 
vistus had proceeded a march? of three days from his own‘ terri- 
tory. 5. Therefore Caesar decided to hasten to the town. 6. In 
this town were many things which were of use for war. 7. A great 
supply of all these things was in Vesontio. 8. We can purchase 
all these things, and transport them on carts to the camp. 


279. READING LESSON 


Aedui ad Caesarem veniébant quod Harudés edrum finés vasta- 
bant. Legati dixérunt: “ Obsidibus datis pacem Ariovisti redimere 
non possumus.” ‘Tréveri® quoque veniébant, quod Germanorum 
centum pagi ad ripas Rheni erant, quibus duo fratrés praeerant. 
Ea de causa Caesar contendere ad Ariovistum magnis itineribus 
constituit. Ariovistus autem VesontiOnem, quod® est maximum 
oppidum Séquanorum, occupare matiirabat. Itaque Caesar iter 
avertit ad id oppidum ; nam Vesontidne’ omnium rérum, quae 
usui ad bellum erant, magna facultas erat. Caesar id oppidum 
occupavit et ibi praesidium disposuit. 





1 VesontiGne, iz Vesontio. * See vocabulary. * Acc. of extent of space. 
4 his own, suus. ® The Treveri, a tribe of Gaul. ® quod, relative pronoun 
in the neuter to agree with the predicate noun oppidum. 


¥ 


THE FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE III 


LESSON XLIV 


THE FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE — WORD LIST 


280. Princ. Parts, audior, audiri, auditus sum 
PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE 
lam heard, etc. I was heard, etc. I shall be heard, etc. 
I, audi-o-r audié-ba-r audia-r 
SING. { 2. audi-ris (re) audié-ba-ris (re) audié-ris (re) 
3. audi-tur audié-ba-tur audié-tur 
(1. audi-mur audié-ba-mur audié-mur 
PLUR. { 2. audi-mini audié-ba-mini audié-mini 
3. audi-u-ntur audié-ba-ntur audie-ntur 
PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT 
I was or have been heard, I had been heard, I shall have been heard, 
etc, etc. etc. 


. audi-t-us sum 
. audi-t-us es 
. audi-t-us est 


. audi-t-I sumus 


audi-t-us eram 


audi-t-us eras 
audi-t-us erat 


audi-t-i eramus 


audi-t-us ers 


audi-t-us eris 


audi-t-us erit 


audi-t-i erimus 


audi-t-i eratis 
audi-t-i erant 


audi-t-i eritis 


I 
PLUR. 2. audi-t-i estis 
audi-t-i erunt 


3. audi-t-i sunt 


Review the passive voice of the three preceding conjugations. 


281. 


aurum, I, n., gold. 
magnitids, inis, f., szze. 
massa, ae, f., mass. 
mercator, Gris, m., merchant. 
ovum, I, n., ege. 
percontatio, Onis, f., questioning. 
v6x, vocis, f., voice, word. perd6, ere, didi, ditus, /ose, destroy. 
aureus, a, um, golden, intus, adv., w7thin. 

nisi, conj., unless, if not, except. 


VOCABULARY 


ingéns, entis, /arge, huge, vast. 

inhi6, dre, avi, atus, gape for, de- 
sire. 

pari6, ere, peperi, partus, dear, 
bring forth; GSvum parere, /ay 
an egg. 


112 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


282. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Dicit gallinam cottidieé ovum aureum parere. 2. Gallina 
intus massam auri non célat. 3. Voces Germanorum, qui dicunt 
hostés* magna virtiite non esse, auditae sunt. 4. Ex perconta- 
tidne nostrorum timor subito omnem exercitum occupavit. 5.° His 
rebus auditis castra 4 militibus celeriter muniébantur. 6. Nihil in 
ea gallina reperiétur nisi quod in aliis reperitur. 7. Pilis sciitis- 
que amissis, spés omnis salutis perdita est. 8. Voces mercatorum 
in castris Caesaris non saepe audientur. 9. Impedieris ab itinere 
quod non multi milités tibi? sunt. 


II. 1. The woman said that her hen was concealing within a 
large mass of gold. 2. The woman’s hen laid daily a golden egg. 
3. Nothing was found in the hen except what is found in other 
hens. 4. Goats will often be torn in pieces by wolves. 5. Men 
are often torn in pieces by wild beasts. 6. The voices of the 
enemy were heard before the rampart. 7. The redoubts will be 
fortified within ten days. 8. The standards of the Roman people 
will be carried a very great distance. 


283. Reapinc Lesson: Ovum Aureum 


Mulier quaedam * habébat gallinam, quae ei cottidié 6vum parié- 
bat aureum. Hinc‘* suspicari® coepit illam*® auri massam intus 
célare, et gallinam occidit, sed nihil in ea repperit, nisi quod in aliis 
gallinis reperiri solet.’ Itaque dum maidribus divitiis® inhiabat, 
etiam minorés perdidit. 





1 Subj. Acc. in ind. disc. See 263. 2 Dat. of the Possessor. See 146. 
8 quaedam, a certain. 4 Hine, hence.  ® suspicari, 0 suspect. ° illam, 
her, demonstrative pronoun, subj. Acc. of céla@re. Render, shat she... 
7 solet, is accustomed. ® wealth, Dat. with inhiabat. 


THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 113 
284. WORD LIST VII 
*acerbus *déterior ** maledic6 parum tandem 
adrogantia ego *mandatum percontatid *téctum 
*alius *facultas massa **perdd *timidus 
**alter ** forte mercator *praesum totus 
Ariovistus **fortiina mulier *procédd *transportd 
*attingo gallina *multum priidenter tristis 
**aureus haedus *necesse **redd6 * tii 
“‘*faurum Hariidés *negotium *redim6 **illus 
*bene *impero **neuter *#reperio *iinus 
*caré inanis nihil *respOnsum *iisus 
*celeriter ingéns *nisi socius **uter 
coepi inhio **nillus sdlus tiva 
commeatus *intus **nunc spés *vectigal 
*conloquium *iterum **niiper spiritus Vesontid 
**cOnsanguineus lacessO *omnind *subsilid *vincd 
*consuéscd *magnitidd ovum *sui Vitis 
*contentid **male **pario *supero vulpés 
défatigs *vOx 
—— 2-094 00 —— 


LESSON XLV 


THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS—THE DATIVE WITH 


ADJECTIVES 


_ 285. The demonstratives are hic, “7s; is, “his or thar; ille, 
that; iste, that; idem, the same; and ipse, se/f, which is inten- 
sive. Is has already been declined (see 186); idem is the 


demonstrative is with the emphatic suffix -dem. 


is inflected. Ipse alone has a Vocative. 


286. Mase. Fem, Neut. Mase. 
(N. hic haec hdc ille 
G. hiius hiius  hiius illius 
SING. { D. huic huic huic illi 
Ac. hune' hanc hdc illum 
Ab. hdc hac hdc illo 





BEGIN. LAT. BK. —8 


Its first part only 


Fem, Neut, 
illa illud 
illius illius 
illi illi 
illam illud 
illa illo 


114 


PLUR. 3 





SING. 


PLUR. + 


SING. + 


PLUR. + 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Mase. Fem, 
hi hae 
horum harum 
his his 


. hos has 
. his his 


Mase. 
ipse 
ipsius 
ipsi 


. ipsum 


ipse 


. ipso 


ipsi 
ipsorum 
ipsis 


. ipsdos 


ipsi 


. ipsis 


idem 
éiusdem 
eidem 


. eundem 


. eodem 


idem (eidem) 
eorundem 
iisdem, eisdem 


. eOsdem 


. lisdem, eisdem 


Neut. 


haec illi 
horum 
his illis _ 
haec 
his illis 


illds 


Fem, 
ipsa 
ipsius 
ipsi 
ipsam 
ipsa 
ipsa 


ipsae 
ipsarum 
ipsis 
ipsas 
ipsae 
ipsis 


eadem 
éiusdem 
eidem 
eandem 


eadem 


eaedem 
earundem 
iisdem, eisdem 
easdem 


iisdem, eisdem 


Mase. 


ill6rum 


Fem. Neut, 


illae illa 
illarum ill6rum 
illis illis 
illas illa 
illis illis 


Neut, 
ipsum 
ipsius 
ipsi 
ipsum 
ipsum 
ipso 


ipsa 
ipsorum 
ipsis 
ipsa 
ipsa 
ipsis 


idem 
éiusdem 
eidem 
idem 


eddem 


eadem 
edrundem 
iisdem, eisdem 
eadem 


iisdem, eisdem 


287. Iste is declined like ipse, except that it lacks the Voca- 


tive. 


to the pronominal adjectives, tinus, etc. 


Note the resemblance in the Genitive and Dative singular 
See 247. 


Observe the change of m to n before d in forms of idem. 


THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES T15 


288. Hic is used of that which is near the speaker ; the demon- 
strative of the first person. 

Iste is used of that near the person spoken to; the demonstra- 
tive of the second person. 

Ille is used of that remote from the speaker ; the demonstrative 
of the third person. It often means that well-known or famous 
person or thing. 

Hic often means the latter (nearer the speaker) ; ille, the 
former (more remote from the speaker). 

The demonstratives have both an adjective and a substantive 
use. Ipse is used with the personals, alone, or with a noun. 


289. Examine the following : — 


1. Locus castris iddneus erat, he place was suitable for a camp. 
2. Puer fratri similis erat, the doy was like his brother. 
3. Nihil Caesari difficile erat, nothing was difficult for Caesar. 


RuLe.— The Dative is used with adjectives denoting resemblance, 
fitness, nearness, and the like, with their opposites. 


NoTE. — Adjectives of fitness may take an Accusative with ad. 


290. VOCABULARY 
alacritas, atis, f., e/acrity. cognosco, ere, n6vi, nitus, /earn, - 
exercitatis, Onis, f., exercise, prac- know thoroughly. 

tice. converts, ere, i, versus, ‘urn, 
méns, mentis, f., #znd. change. 
modus, i, m., manner, way. perturb6, dre, avi, atus, disturb 
falsus, a, um, /a/se, groundless. greaily, confuse. 
idoneus, a, um, suz/adle, fit. praedicG, dre, avi, atus, proclaim, 
incrédibilis,e,incredible,remarkable. announce. 
mirus, a, um, wonderful, strange. vehementer, adv., violently. 

291. EXERCISES 


I, 1. Délégit locum vallo iddneum et ibi castra miinivit. 2. Ex- 
ercitus eandem alacritatem et exercitationem in armis, quas dux, 


116 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


praebuit. 3. Quod his idoneum est non est iddneum illis. 4. His 
rebus cognitis, in locum castris idOneum omnés coOpias duxit. 
5. Hunc hominem, meo amico inimicum, laudare non possum. 
6. Hac oratione habita, subito summa cupiditas belli mentés 
omnium horum occupavit. 7. Proximi sunt Germanis, qui incolae 
eorum locorum sunt. 8. Celeritate incredibili iter conversum est, 
postquam haec mandata ducis audita sunt. g. Vocibus illorum 
mentés omnium vehementer perturbatae sunt. 10. Timor equi- 
tatiis falsus erat, quod omnia Caesari facilia erant. 


II. x. All these things will be a care to those men. 2. It is 
not difficult for’ a friend to praise a friend. 3. They announced 
that these Germans were of great size of body. 4. They will 
disturb in a wonderful manner the minds of all these. 5. They 
proclaim that this place is not suitable for a ditch. 6. I say that 
that fear is groundless. 7. The fear of those men is groundless, 
for Caesar is present. 8. Hesaw the same men that the Germans 
conquered. 9. The man himself sought a place suitable for a 
house. 10. He praises the latter, but blames the former. 


292. READING LESSON 


Interea ex percontatione nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum et 
mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germands, incré- 
dibili virttte atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant, timor 
subitoO omnem exercitum occupavit, et omnium mentés perturba- 
tae sunt. His reébus cognitis, Caesar longa OratiOne centuriOnés 
omnium Ordinum vehementer incusavit. Dixit eOrum timorem 
falsum esse, omnia enim sibi futiira esse* clrae. Hac oratione 
habita mentés omnium mirum in modum® conversae sunt summa- 
que alacritas et cupiditas belli innata est.* 





1 n6n est difficile amicum laudfare, etc, 
2 would be. 

3 in a wonderful manner. 

* sprang up, lit. was born, 


THE THIRD CONJUGATION IN 16 117 


LESSON XLVI 


THE THIRD CONJUGATION IN IO, PASSIVE VOICE— DATIVE 


293. 


WITH INTRANSITIVES 


_ Princ. Parts, capior, capi, captus sum 


PRESENT 


I am taken, etc. 


ti 
SING. { 2. 
3. 


I was or have been taken, 


capi-o-r 
cape-ris (re) 
capi-tur 


. capi-mur 


capi-mini 


. Capi-u-ntur 


PERFECT 


etc. 


. Cap-t-us sum 
. Cap-t-us es 
. Cap-t-us est 


. Cap-t-I sumus 


cap-t-i estis 


. Cap-t-I sunt 


IMPERFECT 
I was taken, etc. 


capié-ba-r 


capié-ba-ris (re) 


capié-ba-tur 


capié-ba-mur 
capié-ba-mini 
capié-ba-ntur 


PLUPERFECT 


I had been taken, 
etc, 

cap-t-us eram 

cap-t-us eras 


-Cap-t-us erat 


cap-t-I erdmus 
cap-t-iI eratis 
cap-t-i erant 


FUTURE 


I shall be taken, etc, 


capia-r 
capié-ris (re) 
capié-tur 


capié-mur 
capié-mini 
capie-ntur 


FUTURE PERFECT 
I shall have been taken, 


etc, 


cap-t-us er6 


cap-t-us eris 


cap-t-us erit 


cap-t-i erimus 
cap-t-i eritis 
cap-t-i erunt 


1. For resemblance to verbs of the Fourth Conjugation, see 280. 


Inflect, as above, interficior. 


294. Examine the following :— 


I. Orgetorix Helvétiis persuasit, Orgetorix persuaded the Hel- 
vetians. 
2. Caesar hostibus parcit, Caesar spares the enemy. 


Observe the meaning of these verbs, and notice that they are 
used with the Dative. 


118 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


RuLE. — Some verbs, intransitive in Latin, though apparently tran- 
sitive, are followed by a Dative of the indirect object. 
Such are verbs denoting to favor, help, please, trust, 
and their contraries ; also to obey, serve, resist, envy, 
threaten, pardon, and spare. 


295. VOCABULARY 
beneficium, I, n., £indness, favor. lidific6, are, avi, atus, deride, mock. 
leG, Gnis, m., /zon. parco, ere, peperci or parsi, parci- 
malum, I, n., ev7/, misfortune. tus or parsus, spare. 
planitiés, 1, f., p/ain. persuadeo, Gre, suasi, suasus, Zer- 
réte, is, n., ez. suade, 
circumveniG, ire, véni, ventus,suv- studed, ére, ul, —, pay attention to, 
round. desire. 


ign6sco, ere, novi, notus, fardon. toll6, ere, sustuli, sublatus, /i/¢ up, 
incid6, ere, I, casus, Zappen, fall remove, break off. 
upon. insolenter, adv., izsolently, unusually. 

















OOOO 
OOO OOUOKSSOROK 























296. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Led rétibus captus est. 2. Cognito Caesaris adventi, 
Ariovistus ad eum légatos misit. 3. Id sine ullo periculo facere 
potuit. 4. Vulpés leonem vidit et eum lidificavit. 5. Diés con- 
loquio dictus est ex eo dié quintus. 6. Magnum malum in leo- 
nem inciderat. 7. Interea saepe legati inter eos mitteébantur. 
8. Caesar ad planitiem magnam castra posuit. 9. Caesar dicit 
certa dé causa sé hostibus parcere. 10. Conloquium eo dié sub- 
latum est propter timorem hostium. 11. Hostés equitatui max- 
ime student, itaque finitimos facile prohibent. 12. Oppidum 
prima luce circumvenietur. 


II. 1. It’ is a great kindness to pardon your enemies. 2. A 
fox saw a lion caught with nets. 3. I shall not always spare you. 





1 To pardon .. . is, etc. 


POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 119 


4. “You do not mock me,” said the lion, “but the misfortune 
which has happened to me.” 5. The soldier spoke insolently, 
but he was in a safe place. 6. Suddenly, with incredible speed, 
they hastened toward the large plain. 7. It is better to break off 
a conference than to fight. 8. He persuaded the Helvetians, and 
made a march through their territory. 9. He had been called a 
friend and king by the senate. 10. The army will be led into the 
camp. 


297. Reapinc Lesson: Vulpes et Led 

Vulpes videt leonem rétibus captum, et, stans’ prope, lidifica- 
vit eum insolenter. Leo autem, “ Non tu,’ inquit, “ mé ludificas, 
sed malum? quod in mé incidit.” 


002900 — 


LESSON XLVII 


POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS —PARTITIVE GENITIVE — INDIRECT 
DISCOURSE (Continued) 


298. The possessive pronouns are strictly adjectives formed 
from the personal and reflexive stems. ‘They are declined like 
adjectives of the first and second declensions. ‘They are: — 
meus, a, um, ize tuus, a, um, your, yours 
suus, a, um, 47s, her, its, their noster, tra, trum, our, ours 

vester, tra, trum, your, yours 

1. The Vocative of meus in the masculine singular is usually mi. 

2. The gender, number, and case of these pronouns are deter- 
mined by the thing possessed. 


299. Examine the following : — 


1. Una pars montis, ove part of the mountain. 
2. Alter militum, ove of the (two) soldiers. 





1 standing. 2 Subject of liidificat understood. 


120 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


3. Tantum spati, so much (of) space. 
4. Satis pabuli, enough (of) fodder. 


Observe in the above that pars, alter, tantum, satis denote a 
part taken from the whole expressed by montis, militum, spati, 
pabuli. Observe the kind of words used to express the part. 


Rute. — Words denoting a part are used with a Genitive of the 
whole to which the part belongs. 


1. Partitive words are nouns, pronouns, and adjectives and 
adverbs used substantively. 


300. Examine the following : — 


1. Unus ex militibus, ove of the soldiers. 
2. Quidam dé nostris, certain of our men. 
3. Primus omnium, “he first of all. 


Observe the use of ex and dé with tnus and quidam, and of the 
Genitive with primus. 


Rue. — Cardinal numerals and quidam generally take the Abla- 
tive with ex or dé to express the whole of which a 
part is taken; the ordinals generally take the Partitive 
Genitive. 


301. There are in each voice three tenses of the Infinitive, the 
Present, the Perfect, and the Future. 


302. Active 
PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE 

I. voca-re, vocav-isse, voca-tiir-us esse, 

to call to have called to be about to call 
2. moné-re monu-isse moni-titir-us esse 
3. rege-re réx-isse réc-tiir-us esse 
3. Cape-re cép-isse cap-tiir-us esse 
4. audi-re audiv-isse audi-tiir-us esse 


es-se fu-isse fu-tiir-us esse 


INDIRECT DISCOURSE I2I 
303. Passive 
PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE 
I. voca-ri, voca-t-us ! esse, voca-t-um iri,” 
to be called to have been called to be about to be called 
2. moné-ri moni-t-us esse moni-t-um iri 
3. reg-i réc-t-us esse réc-t-um iri 
3. Ccap-I cap-t-us esse cap-t-um iri 
4. audi-ri audi-t-us esse audi-t-um iri 


304. Examine the following : — 


1. Dicit té venire, he says that you are coming. 

2. Dixit té venire, he said that you were coming. 

3. Dicit té vénisse, he says that you came (have come). 
4. Dixit té vénisse, he said that you came (had come). 
5. Dicit té ventirum esse, he says that you will come. 

6. Dixit té venttirum esse, he said that you would come. 


Observe that venire denotes time present with reference to the 
verb on which it depends, vénisse time past, and venttrum esse 


time future in the same way. 


Rute. — The Infinitive expresses time relative to that of the verb 
upon which it depends. 


305. 


columba, ae, f., dove. 

formica, ae, f., azz. 

intervallum, I, n., zz¢éerval. 

minus, eris, n., resent. 

necessittud6, inis, f.,, a/iance, friend- 
ship. 

principatus, iis, m., chief place, 
leadership. 

tumulus, I, m., mound. 

aequus, a, um, egual/, 


VOCABULARY 


iiistus, a, um, jus?. 

accéd6, ere, cessi, cessus, draw 
near, approach, 

commemor6, are, avi, atus, ca// to 
mind, relate. 

dole6, ére, ui, ititirus, suffer, grieve. 

mordes, ére, momordi, morsus, 
bite, eat, sting. 

veh6, ere, véxi, vectus, carry, bear; 
in the passive, rzde (be carried). 





1 Inflected to agree with the subject. 


2 Little used. 


122 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


306. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Formica quondam ad fluimen déscendit. 2. Columba 
eam in flumine vidit et perturbata est. 3. Legionem Caesar, 
quam equis véxerat, aequo spatio ab eo tumulo constituit. 4. Ubi 
Ariovistus vénit, Caesar initio OratiOnis sua senatusque beneficia in 
eum commemoravit. 5. Dixerunt amplissima munera a senatu 
missa esse. 6. Caesar dicit omni tempore Aeduos principatum 
tOtius Galliae tenuisse. 7. Dixit itistas causas necessitudinis sibi 
cum Aeduis esse. 8. Exploratorés nuntiaverunt hostés ad oppi- 
dum accessisse. 9g. Puer morsus est, quare maxime doluit. 


II. 1. The Aedui had always held the leadership of all Gaul. 
2. Caesar said that the Aedui had always held the leadership of 
all Gaul. 3. The ant had bitten the dove. 4. He said that the 
ant had bitten the dove. 5. The enemy are drawing near the 
camp. 6. The scout announces that the enemy are drawing near 
the camp. 7. The tenth legion was riding on horses. 8. The 
soldiers said that the tenth legion was riding on horses. 


307. READING LESSON 


Cognito Caesaris adventi, Ariovistus legatos ad eum mittit, qui 
dicunt Ariovistum sine ullo periculo ad conloquium venire posse. 
Caesar diem conloquid ex ed dié quintum dixit.’ Interea saepe 
inter eOs legati mittebantur. Ariovistus ad conloquium sésé non 
ventiirum esse nisi cum equitati dixit. Itaque Caesar decimam 
legiOnem, cui”? maximé cOnfidébat, equis vehi iussit. Ubi ad 
conloquium venerunt, Caesar initio Orationis sua senattisque in 
eum beneficia commemoravit. Ariovistus réx appellatus est 4 
senatu, amplissima munera ad eum missa erant; quod Caesar 
paucis incidisse® dixit. ‘Tandem postulavit eadem quae légatis in 
mandatis dederat. 7 





1 appointed. 2 in which he had the greatest confidence. 
8 had happened to few. 


COMPOUNDS OF Sum 123 


LESSON XLVIII 
COMPOUNDS OF Sum—DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS 


308. Sum is compounded without any change with the prepo- 
sitions ab, ad, dé, in, inter, ob, prae, pro (prod), sub, and super. 
In the compound prosum, / /e/p, the original d of prod is retained 
before e. 


309. Prosum, / help 
Princ. Parts, prosum, prodesse, profui 
PRESENT 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
I. pro-sum, / help I. pr6-sumus, we help 
2. prod-es, you help 2. prod-estis, you help 
3. prod-est, he helps 3. pr6-sunt, chey help 
IMPERFECT pr6d-eram, etc., / helped, etc. 
FUTURE prod-er6, etc., / shall help, etc. 
PERFECT pr6-ful, etc., / helped or have helped, etc. 
PLUPERFECT pro-fueram, etc., / had helped, etc. 


FUTURE PERFECT pr6-fuer6, etc., / shall have helped, etc. 


310. Examine the following : — 


1. Labiénus ei oppidd praefuit, Zadienus was in command of that 
town. 

2. Caesar Aeduis saepe adfuerat, Caesar had often assisted the 
Aedut. 

3. Amicus amico non deerit, a friend will not fail his friend. 

4. Caesar omnibus edrum cOnsiliis obstitit, Caesar opposed all 
their plans. 


Observe that the verbs in the above are compounded with prae, 
ad, dé, and ob, and that they are used with the Dative. 


RuLE. — Most verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, 
post, prae, pro, sub, and super, and some with cir- 
cum, are used with the Dative case. 


124 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


311. VOCABULARY 
aqua, ae, f., water. décerp6, ere, si, tus, A/uck. 
auceps, ipis, m., divd-catcher. désum, esse, ful, de Jacking, fail 
harund6, inis, f., reed, arrow. (Dat.). 
punctus, is, m., prick, sting. obsist6, ere, stiti, stitus, opfose, re- 
virgula, ae, f., ‘wig. sist (Dat.). 
abicio, ere, iéci, iectus, cast aside. serv6, are, avi, atus, save, pre- 
ascendo, ere, i, scénsus, c/inzd. Serve. 
conlig6, ere, légi, léctus, ga‘her o- submerg6, ere, mersi, mersus, 
gether. drown. 
corripio, ere, ul, reptus, sezze, carry super, prep. w. Acc. and Abl., adove, 
off. upon. 
312. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Formica sé servare non potuit quod sibi virés deerant. 
2. Columba autem ei adfuit et virgulam in aquam iniécit. 3. Au- 
ceps columbam, harundine correpta, capere cOnstituit, sed for- 
mica eam servavit. 4. Dicit Ariovistum ad eum niuntids mittere. 
5. Galli Germanis saepe obsistunt. 6. Tu, Caesar, mihi non es 
amicus, obsistis enim mihi cottidié. 7. Formica submersa non 
est, quod columba eam servavit. 8. Auceps harundinem abieé- 
cit, quod formica eius pedem momordit. 9. Formica ascendit 
super virgulam quam columba décerpserat et in aquam iniécerat. 
10. Dixit Gallos saepe Germanis obsistere. 


II. 1. The bird-catcher was bitten by an ant, because he had 
decided to catch a dove. 2. The dove had cast a twig into the 
water where the ant had been nearly drowned. 3. The ant 
climbed upon the twig and was not drowned. 4. After the ant 
had bitten the foot of the bird-catcher, he suffered from the sting 
and freed the dove. 5. ‘Gaul is my province,” said Ariovis- 
tus. 6. Ariovistus said that Gaul was his province. 7. “I shall 
never be lacking to my friends,” says he, “but shall always 
assist (them). 8. Within three days he will have helped all 
his friends. 9. He said that the ant cast a twig into the 
water. . 


DEPONENT VERBS 125 


313. Reapinc Lesson: Formica et Columba 


Formica quaedam’ sitiéns? déscendit ad fontem; sed flimine 
correpta® paene est submersa. Columba autem, hoc vidéns,‘ 


virgulam décerpsit et in aquam iniécit; super quam formica 


ascendéns, s€se servavit. Tum forte auceps, harundinibus con- 
léctis, proficiscitur® ad® columbam capiendam. Quod vidéns,' 
formica pedem aucipis momordit ; et ille, punctii doléns,’ harun- 
dinibus abiectis, columbam liberavit. 


—0 95 0o—_—_- 


LESSON XLIX 


DEPONENT VERBS—THE ABLATIVE WITH CERTAIN 
DEPONENTS 


314. Deponent verbs have for the most part passive forms with 
active meanings. ‘They have the participles of both voices. The 
Perfect participle has sometimes a passive sense. 


315. PRINCIPAL PARTS 
PRESENT (Ist Singular) PRESENT INFINITIVE PERFECT TENSE 
I. cOn-o-r, / attempt cona-ri cona-t-us sum 
2. pollice-o-r, / promise pollicé-ri pollici-t-us sum 
3. Uit-o-r, J use, enjoy ait-i ii-s-us sum 
3. pati-o-r, J suffer, allow pat-i pas-s-us sum 
4. poti-o-r, J become master of poti-ri poti-t-us sum 


Observe that the forms of these verbs are built in the same 
way as the passive voice of other verbs of the corresponding 
conjugations. 





lacertain. * being thirsty, Pres. part. of sitid. * correpta agrees with 
the subject of submersa est, a pronoun implied in the ending and referring 
toformica. ¢ seeing. sets out. ° to catch the dove, a construction which 
will be explained later. 7 suffering. 


126 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


316. Examine the following : — 


1. Armis Utitur, fe uses arms. 
2. Provincia potitur, he becomes master of the province. 


Observe that the verbs in the above take the Ablative when in 
the corresponding English sentences a direct object is used. 


RuLE. — Certain deponents, with their compounds, take the Abla- 
tive. ‘These verbs are :— 
itor, iti, isus sum, wse, enjoy 
fruor, frui, friictus sum, evjoy 
fungor, fungi, finctus sum, ferform 
potior, potiri, potitus sum, decome master of 
vescor, vesci, —, ear 


Learn this list. 


317. VOCABULARY 
postulatum, I, n., demand. débeG, Ere, ul, itus, owe, ought. 
sédés, is, f., seat, abode. insequor, i, seciitus sum, pursue. 
sponte, Abl. (Gen. spontis), of ome’s itidic6, are, avi, atus, judge. 

own accord. minitor, ari, Atus sum, /Areaten. 
voluntas, atis, f., wish, consent. potius, adv., rather. 
pauci, ae, a, few (seldom used in priusquam, conj., defore (the parts 

singular). are often separated by intervening 
arcess6o, ere, ivi, itus, summon. words). 


concédo, ere, cessi, cessus, wth- 
draw, concede. 


318. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Caesar pauca postulata ab Ariovisto fécit. 2. Omnia 
mortem nobis minitantur, sed virl maxima virtite sumus et nihil 
timémus. 3. Pace frui deébémus, multa enim proelia commisi- 
mus. 4. Ariovistus prius in Galliam vénit quam populus Romanus. 
5. “ Non mea sponte,’’ inquit, “sed arcessitus 4 Gallis in Galliam 
veni.” 6. Sedés in Gallia nobis 4 té concessae sunt, quibus 
maximeé fruimur. 7. Tua voluntate in Galliam prius venerunt 
quam 4 Gallis arcessiti sunt. 8. Caesar hostis insequetur et eorum 


—— 


SEMI-DEPONENTS 127 


oppidis potietur. 9. Iudicavit imperium ROm4norum iistius esse 
quam Gallorum. 


II. 1. Caesar of his own accord gave them abodes in Gaul. 
2. With your consent we shall accept the answer of Ariovistus. 
3. We see that you are pursuing your enemies, and threatening 
them with death." 4. Caesar’s demands are few, but just, and 
we ought to accept them. 5. He came of his own accord into 
Italy before he was summoned. 6. He will have become mas- 
ter of all Gaul within three years. 7. We shall withdraw with 
your consent to this fertile plain. 8. The just will enjoy peace, 
and will be greatly disturbed by no one. 


319. READING LESSON 


Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca? respondit et dé suis 
virtutibus multa praedicavit. Dixit s¢* Rhénum transisse* non 
sua sponte, sed rogatum‘ et arcessitum 4 Gallis; nOn sésé Gallis 
‘sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse ; sé prius in Galliam vénisse quam 
populum Romanum ; Caesarem non amicum sibi sed hostem esse ; 
provinciam suam hanc?® esse Galliam, non ROmanorum. Caesar 
‘autem respondit sé non iudicare Galliam potius® esse Ariovisti 
quam populi Romani; aut’ imperium ROmanorum iistissimum 
esse in Gallia, aut liberam debére esse Galliam. 


—_—o09400— 


LESSON L 
SEMI-DEPONENTS— REVIEW OF PASSIVE—WORD LIST 


320. Some verbs have the forms from the Present stem active, 
the rest passive. These are called Semi-Deponents. 





1 Lit. death to them. . 2 replied briefly (a few things). 3% that he had 
crossed. * asked, Perf. pass. part. agreeing with sé. ° hanc agrees with 
Galliam. Translate, this part of Gaul. §& belonged to Ariovistus rather 
than fo... (lit. was of ...). ‘aut... aut, either... or. 


128 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Learn thoroughly the following list : — 


PRESENT INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PERFECT INDICATIVE 


2. auded, dare audére ausus sum 
2. gaudes, rejoice gaudére gavisus sum 
2. soled, Je wont solére solitus sum 
3. f1d6, trust fidere fisus sum 


Note the irregularity in form of the Perfect participle of gaudeo. 
Inflect audeo and fido in the Indicative, and review the passive 
of all the conjugations. 


321. VOCABULARY 
agnus, i, m., /amd. confugiG, ere, figi, —, flee for refuge. 
deus, i, m., god. inici6, ere, iéci, iectus, ¢hrow into, 
pontifex, icis, m., chief priest, high inspire. 

priest. perficiG, ere, féci, fectus, accomplish. 
Procillus, i, m., Proczllus. sacrifico, are, Avi, atus, sacrifice. 
studium, I, n., desire, zeal. trucido, are, avi, atus, s/ay, hill. 
templum, I, n., zempie. at, conj., dz, yet. 
sacer, cra, crum, sacred. quo, adv., where, whither. 

322. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Pontifex erat in templo, quo multi celeriter cOnftge- 
rant. 2. His populus Romanus ignoverat. 3. Caesar dicit populi 
Romani imperium in Gallia esse iustissimum. 4. Lupus in templum 
venire non ausus est propter timorem pontificis." 5. Lupus dixit 
pontificem agnum sacrificaturum esse. 6. Multo maior alacritas 
studiumque belli maius exercitul iniectum est. 7. Magna adro- 
gantia in conloquid Ariovistus uti solébat. 8. Agni a lupis trucidari 
solent.. g. Dum haec in conloquio geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum est 
Ariovisti equités ad tumulum acceédere. 10. Ariovistus Caesarem 
pedités non duxisse ad tumulum gavisus est. 


II. 1. The chief priest was wont to sacrifice lambs in the 
temple. 2. Is the lamb sacred to the god? No, he is not, and 
for this reason the high priest will sacrifice him. 3. I rejoice that 





1 fear of the high priest, objective Genitive. 


Se 


WORD LIST 129 
my friends have been faithful to me. 4. But the enemy did not 
dare to fight, and for this reason they fled with great speed to the 
woods. 5. Caesar threatens that he will kill all the inhabitants of 
the village. 6. C. Valerius Procillus was sent to Ariovistus in 
regard to a conference. 7. Much greater alacrity was inspired in 
the army. 8. The soldiers did not dare to leave the town, but 
decided to await the arrival of Caesar. 


323. Reapinc Lesson: Lupus et Agnus 


Lupus insecutus est agnum. At hic in templum configit. 
Lupo autem agnum invocante’ et minitante” pontificem eum sa- 
crificaturum, respondit agnus: “ Mallem*® quidem‘ deo sacer esse 


quam a te trucidari.”’ 


324. WORD LIST VIII 
**€abicio *convert6 ** inicio patior *sédeés 
*¥accéds *corripio *insequor pauci *servo 
*aequus *débed **insolenter  **perficio *€soled 
agnus *décerpd *intervallum persuades sponte 
alacritas **désum **ipse perturbo *studeo 
aqua deus **iste planitiés *subitd 
arcesso doled **iidico polliceor submergo 
*ascendo *exercitatid - **iiistus **pontifex super 
at *falsus leo *postulatum _—_ tantus 
**auceps *fid6 **Udificd **potior templum 
*auded formica *malum **potius toll6 
**beneficium gaudes *méns **praedico *trucidd 
*circumvenio harundo minitor **principatus *tumulus 
**cognOsco *hic *mirus **priusquam *tuus 
columba **idem modus Procillus *itor 
*commemorod iddneus morded **prosum *vehementer 
*€concédd = **igndscd *miinus punctus *veho 
*confugid **ille *necessitiidd réte *vester 
*conligo *incidd *obsist6 *¥sacer virgula 
*conor ' *incrédibilis __ parcd *€sacrifico *voluntas 





1 Ablative Absolute with lup6, calling upon. 
2See 314. %TJ should prefer. + at least. 
BEGIN. LAT. BK. — 9 


130 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON LI 
THE PARTICIPLE 


325. There are four participles in Latin, — two in the active 
voice, the Present and the Future, and two in the passive, the 
Perfect and the Gerundive. 


326. The Present participle ends in -ns, and has regularly the 
same meaning as the English participle in -zzg- voca-ns, calling. 
It is inflected like an adjective of the Third Declension with one 
termination. 


327. The Future active participle ends in -trus, and is regularly 
used to express something about to happen: voca-ttr-us, about to 
call, It is often joined to the verb sum to form the First Peri- 
phrastic Conjugation, which will be explained later. It is inflected 
like fidus, a, um. 


328. The Gerundive (sometimes called the Future passive par- 
ticiple) ends in -ndus, and is very often used to express necessity 
or obligation: voca-ndus, #0 de called. It is often joined to the 
verb sum to form the Second Periphrastic Conjugation, which will 
be explained later. It is inflected like fidus, a, um. 


829. The Perfect participle ends in -tus, -sus, and has two 
distinct uses. 

1. It is often equivalent to the English Perfect passive parti- 
ciple in -ed: mini-t-us, fortified. 

2. It is joined to the verb sum to form certain tenses of the 
passive: voca-t-us sum, / have been called. 


330. The participles may all be used as adjectives, and the 
Present and Perfect as substantives. 

1. Note that there is no Present passive or Perfect active 
participle in Latin. 


THE PARTICIPLE 131 


331. TABLE OF PARTICIPLES 
Active Passive 
PRESENT —— -FUTURE PERFECT GERUNDIVE (Fut.) 
I. vVvoca-ns voca-tir-us voca-t-us voca-ndus 
2. moné-ns moni-tir-us moni-t-us mone-ndus 
3. #regé-ns réc-tiir-us réc-t-us rege-ndus 
3. Capié-ns cap-tir-us cap-t-us capie-ndus 
4. audié-ns audi-tir-us audi-t-us audie-ndus 
fu-tiir-us 


1. Observe carefully the similarity of formation in the Present 
and the Gerundive on the one hand, and the Future and the Per- 
fect on the other. 

Make a table of the participles of laud6, terred, dics, facia, 
and minio. 


332. Examine the following : 


I. Caesar virum vidéns laetus erat, Caesar was glad upon seeing 
the man. 

2. Permotus frimenti inopia Caesar in Italiam vénit, alarmed by 
the lack of grain, Caesar came into Italy. 


Observe that the Latin usage is the same as the English. 


333. VOCABULARY 
caténa, ae, f., chain. exerceod, ére, ul, itus, exercise, train. 
hospitium, I, n., friendship. interclids, ere, cliisi, cliisus, cu 
lingua, ae, f., congue, language. off, shut off, hinder. 


vulgus,! I, n., common people, crowd. permoved, Gre, mO6vi, modtus, 
adequit6, dre, avi, atus, ride alarm, move greatly. 


toward, prodicG, ere, diixi, ductus, /ad 
conclam6, are, avi, atus, cry out. forward. 
cOnsidG, ere, sédi, sessus, sefd/e versor, ari, Atus sum, Je busy, be en- 
down, encamp. gaged, live. 





1 An exception in gender among nouns in -us of the Second Declension. 


132 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


334. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Ariovistus liberam débére esse Galliam dixit. 2. Caesari 
nuntiatum est equités Ariovisti ad nostros adequitare. 3. In’ 
vulgus militum nuntiatum est Ariovistum magna adrogantia in 
conloquid usum esse. 4. Conclamans “Virum video!” ad eum 
contendit. 5. C. Valerius Procillus, ad Ariovistum missus, pauca 
postulata féecit. 6. Hospitio Ariovisti usus magnam iniuriam fa- 
ciébat. 7. Vidéns légatds, suo exercitti praesente,’ conclamavit : 
“Quaré ad mé venisti?”’ 8. Conantés dicere prohibuit et in cate- 
nas coniécit. 9. Copiis interclusis, exercitum flumen traduxit. 
10. Proelid factd, in castra milités redUxit et ibi multis in rebus 
versatus est. 


II. 1. The troops were led forward to the nearest hill. 2. The 
scouts saw that the enemy were busy in our camp. 3. The 
enemy had cut off our men from supplies. 4. Upon® seeing the 
ambassadors, Ariovistus threw them into chains. 5. Caesar, seeing 
the enemy, encamped at the foot of the mountain. 6. Our men 
had been trained in daily battles. 7. Ariovistus having used great 
arrogance in the conference made many demands. 8. He rode 
towards the crowd of soldiers and cried out: ‘I see the man.” 


335. READING LESSON 


Dum haec in conloquio geruntur, Caesari nintiatum est equités 
Ariovisti propius* tumulum accédere, et ad nostrds adequitare, 
lapidés telaque in nostros conicere. Certis dé causis Caesar 
proelium non committere cOnstituit ; itaque suOs in castra reduxit. 
Postquam in vulgus militum nuntiatum est Ariovistum magna adro- 
gantia® usum esse, multo® maior alacritas studiumque pugnae 
exercitui iniectum est. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem légatos 
dé conloquio misit. Itaque Caesar C. Valerium Procillum, summa 
virttite’ virum, propter linguae Gallicae® scientiam mittere cOn- 





lamong. *in the presence of his army, praesente, Pres. part. of prae- 
sum, de present. *% See 382, 1. * nearer to the mound. * See 316. *® See 
267. 7See 157. 8 on account of his knowledge of the Gallic language. 


WORD FORMATION 133 


stituit. Alter, qui hospitio Ariovisti Usus erat, missus est. Sed 
Ariovistus, legatos vidéns in ¢astris, conclamavit: Quaré ad mé 
venistis ? et eOs in caténas coniecit. 


——°070300-—— 


LESSON LII 
WORD FORMATION 


Norte. — It has been thought best to insert at this point two lessons upon 
Word Formation and Word Grouping. ‘These lessons are not to be learned 
verbatim, but should be carefully read and frequently referred to in the prepa- 
ration of the succeeding lessons. 

The aim has not been to make an exhaustive treatment of the subject, but to 
present a few essential facts in a very simple manner, in the hope that the 
pupil, recognizing the fact that the Latin and the English are sister languages, 
and that both have been built up gradually and systematically, may form habits 
of observation in word study which will not only enliven his work in Latin, 
but help him to appreciate his own’ language better. 


336. A Root is the essential part of a word unmodified by the 
addition of formative elements. 


337. A Stem is that part of a word to which the inflectional 
endings are added: son-, root ; sono-, stem ; sonus,' @ noise. 


338. Examine carefully the following groups of words : — 
ag-6, do ac-tor, one who does Ac-tis, a doing 
défend-6, defend  défén-sor, one who defends défén-sis, a defending 

1. Observe that the ending -tor (-sor) denotes the agent, and 
that -tid (-sid) is used in forming abstracts. Note also the change 
in the final letter of the root ag before t, and the dropping of d 
before s. 


scrib6, write scrip-tor, ——? scrip-tis, ——? 





1 The final letter of the stem is often so changed by its contact with the 
inflectional endings as not to be evident without careful analysis. 


‘ 


134 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


339. ag-6, ad ag-men, /ine of march 
flu-6, flow fli-men, «iver 
move-6, wove mo-men-tum, ovement 


mone-6, remind monu-men-tum, reminder 


1. Observe that the endings -men, -mentum, denote acts, or 
the means or results of acts. 


340. arm-6, erm arma-tira, armor, armed troops 
SCrIb-6, write scrip-tira, a writing 
341. ar-6, plow ara-trum, that which plows, a plow 
voc-6, call voca-bulum, ‘hat by which one ts called,a name 


gubern-6, guide guberna-culum, ¢hat which guides, a helm 


1. Observe that the endings -trum, -bulum, -culum, denote the 
means or instrument of an action. 

From the meaning of the endings -tor, -tid in 388, 1, tell the 
meaning of the following words : — 


ara-tor, ara-ti6; guberna-tor, guberna-tid; voca-tor, voca-tio. 


342. lae-tus, glad laeti-tia, gladness’ 
levis, ight levi-tas, lightness, fiskleness 
magnus, great magni-tids, sreatness, size 
servus, s/ave servi-tis, slavery 


1. Observe that the endings -tia, -tas, -ttd6, -ttis are added 
to noun and adjective stems to form abstracts. Note change in 
stem vowel. 


343. The following words will give corresponding forms : — 


itistus, just ——? justice 

vérus, ¢rue ——? truth 

latus, broad ——? breadth 

vir, man —? manhood, courage 
344. filius, son fili-olus, /i///e son 

ager, field agel-lus, /ittle field 

homo, an homun-culus, manikin 


1. Observe that the Nominative endings -ulus (after a vowel 
-olus), -lus, -culus are added to noun stems to form diminutives. 


WORD FORMATION 135 


Compare with these the English words drvook/et, rivulet, braceled, 
versicle, reticule. 


345. hom6, 7zan hum-anus, Jelonging to man, human 
lac, milk lact-eus, delonging to milk, lacteal 
alius, another ali-énus, belonging to another, alien 
civis, cztizen civ-icus, delonging to a citizen, civic 
Roma, Rome ROm-anus, delonging to Rome, Roman 


Observe the formation of the preceding adjectives, and of the 
corresponding English words. 











fill \\a 


bg Kay —— 61" 
eet i INLAND NR 
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ARATRUM 


—07G3, 00-—— 


LESSON LIII 


WORD FORMATION 


346. niavis, ship nav-alis, pertaining to a ship, naval 
servus, slave serv-ilis, pertaining to a slave, servile 
consul, consul c6nsul-aris, pertaining to a consul, consular 


1. Observe that the endings -Alis, -ilis, -aris, denote belonging 
or pertaining to. The very common English endings -a/, -ar, -7/, 
-ile, are derived from these. 


347. eques, Zorseman eques-ter, belonging to a horseman, equestrian 








silva, wood silves-ter, Jelonging to a forest, wooded 
nos, we, us nos-ter, delonging to us, our 
What is the adjective corresponding to pedés, foot soldier ? 
to terra, and ——? 
348. capi-6, take capt-ivus, captive 
cupi-6, desire cup-idus, desirous, eager 
tene-6, hold ten-ax, prone to hold, tenacious 
aude-6, dare aud-ax, ? - 


pugn-6, fight piign-ax, —— ? 


136 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


1. Observe that the endings -ivus, -idus, are added to verb 
stems to express state, and -ax to express tendency. 


349. ag-6, drive ag-ilis, active, agile 
faci-6, make, do fac-ilis, easy (that which can be done) 
ndsc-6, snow no-bilis, £xown, noble 
exim-6, select exim-ius, selected, remarkable 


1. Observe that the endings -ilis, -bilis, -ius, are added to verb 
stems to express passive qualities. 


350. arma, arms arm.-6, are, arm 
hiems, winter hiem-6, are, fass the winter 
albus, wite albe-6, Ere, de white 
metus, fear metu-6, ere, fear 
finis, end fini-6, ire, end 


1. Observe that verbs of the four conjugations are derived from 
noun stems. ‘This is true of most of the three hundred and sixty 
verbs of the First Conjugation, some of the Second and Third, 
and many of the Fourth. 


351. Compounds. —A simple word is one containing a single 
stem: dux, duc-. A compound word is one containing two or 
more stems: agricola = agri + cola (agro- + cole-) ; ager, field; 
colo, cultivate; agricola, one who cultivates a field, a farmer. 

Pro-avus, great-grandfather, pro + avus, preposition + noun. 
Arti-fex, artisan, arti- (stem of ars) + fex (facid), noun stem + 
verb stem. Per-gravis, very heavy, per + gravis, preposition + 
adjective. In-fidus, not to be trusted, in + fidus, negative par- 
ticle + adjective. Magn-animus, gveat-hear/ed, magno + animus. 
adj. stem + noun. Ex-e6d, go owt, ex + ed, preposition + verb. 


352. In 388-351 you have seen how words are formed by 
the addition of prefixes and suffixes. A great many words in 
Latin group themselves about a single root. In learning a Latin 
vocabulary bear this in mind, and associate together words which 
have a common root. Many words are of doubtful origin, but 
in the following exercises only those whose origin is practically 
certain, and which are in frequent use, will be given. 


THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 137 


393. Study carefully the words in the group in this and suc- 
ceeding lessons, and endeavor to explain the formation of each 
word, referring to 338-350. 

1. At the end of each group a list of English derivatives has 
been given which should be carefully studied for the purpose of 
enlarging your English vocabulary, and emphasizing the relation 
between your own language and the Latin. 


354. Root duc, dad. 


diic-6, lead duc-tor, ——? intr6-diic6, Lad into 
dux, ader in-duc-ti6, ——? intr6-duc-tis, ? 


Form compounds with ad, con, dé, in, re, and give meanings. 





Enc. Der. — Duke, ductile, conductor, induce, ducat, reduction, 
viaduct, aqueduct, subdue, educate, duchy. 


—.089400-——_ 
LESSON LIV 


THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 


355. Quis? Quae? Quid? Who? Which? What? 


SINGULAR PLURAL 
Mase. Fem, Neut, Mase. Fem. Neut. 
N. quis(qui) quae quid (quod) qui quae quae 
G. ctius ctiius ciius quorum quarum qudrum 
D. cui cui cul quibus quibus quibus 
Ac. quem quam quid (quod) quos quas quae 
Ab. quo qua quod quibus quibus quibus 


356. In the Nominative singular, masculine and neuter, quis 
and quid are used substantively, qui and quod adjectively ; as, — 


Quis mé vocavit, who called me ? 

Qui puer mé vocavit, what boy called me? 
Quid vidés, what do you see ? 

Quod animal vides, what animal do you see? 


Review the declension of the relative (147), and compare it 
with the interrogative, 


138 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


357. Examine the following : — 


1. Hum régem appellaverunt, ‘hey called him king. 
2. Mé consulem fécistis, you made me consul. 
3. Urbs Roma appellata est, the city was called Rome. 


RuLe.— Verbs of naming, making, choosing, calling, showing, take 
two Accusatives, one of the person or thing affected, 
the other a predicate Accusative. 


NotTEe.—In the passive the direct object becomes the subject, and the 
predicate Accusative a predicate Nominative. 


358. VOCABULARY 
benefactor, Oris, m., denefactor. invenio, ire, véni, ventus, fizd, dis- 
gelus, tis, m., frost, cold. cover. 
hiems, emis, f., wznzer. miserésco, ere, —, —, feel pity for, 
serpéns, entis, f. or m., serpent. pity. 
vestis, is, f., sarment. morior, mori (moriri), mortuus 
improbus, a, um, wicked. sum, die. 
condo, ere, didi, ditus, Aide, bring reciper6, dre, avi, atus, recover. 
together, found. rigeo, Ere, ul, —, decome stiff. 


incalésc6, ere, calul, —, srowwarm. mox, adv., soon. 


359. EXERCISES 

I. 1. Quis serpentem hiemis tempore in agro invénit? 2. Agri- 
cola serpentem invenit et ei vitam servavit. 3. Serpéns quem agri- 
cola invenit gelu riguerat. 4. Incaléscéns autem benefactorem 
suum mox momordit interfecitque. 5. Senex serpentem miseréscit, 
quare eum in veste condidit. 6. Serpentés sunt improba ani- 
malia, quae saepe benefactorés suds mordent. 7. Eum hominem 
improbum vocamus quod amicis suis fidus non est. 8. Quis dixit 
Caesarem aciem triplicem instruere? 9g. Quem régem appellave- 
runt? x1o. Cuius vitam agricola servavit? Servavit vitam serpen- 
tis, quae eum mox momordit. 

II. 1. A farmer hid under his garment a serpent which had 
become stiff with cold. 2. In the winter-time! serpents often 





1 hiemis tempore. 


IRREGULAR VERBS, INDICATIVE 139 


become stiff with cold. 3. The serpent, however, did not die, 
but was saved by a farmer, who, pitying it, hid it under his gar- 
ment. 4. We easily suffer serpents to die, for they often bite 
their benefactors. 5. This serpent soon recovered, and bit the 
farmer. 6. Who saved the life of the wicked animal? 7. To 
whom did the Gauls give abodes on this side of the Rhine? To 
the Germans. 8. Whose life did the dove save? She saved the 
ant’s life. 9. We called him our benefactor, because he saved the 
life of our brother. 


360. ReapinG Lesson: Agricola et Serpéns 


Agricola, senex, hiemis tempore, serpentem invenit gelu rigen- 
tem, et miseréscéns sub veste condidit. Mox serpéns incaléscéns, 
et indolem suam reciperans, benefactorem momordit interfécit- 
que ; qui moriéns dixit : “ [usta patior, qui animali improbo' vitam 
servaverim. 


361. Study carefully the following word group. Determine the 





meaning of words marked ? 

Root spec, s¢e, spy. 
spec-t-6, fo behold spec-iés, appearance spec-u-la-tor, spy 
spec-ta-tor, ? spec-ta-culum, ? spec-trum, image 








Enc. Derr. — Species, specious, spectacle, spectrum, spectral, 
conspicuous. 


—-0£9 00 ——_. 


LESSON LV 
IRREGULAR VERBS, INDICATIVE—Fer6 AND ITS COMPOUNDS 


362. Certain verbs, called irregular verbs, annex the personal 
endings in the Present system for the most part directly to the 
root. 





1 who have saved the life ofa... 


140 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


363. Ferd, dear, carry 
Princ. Parts, fer-6, fer-re, tul-i, 1a-t-us 
PRESENT Active 
1. fer-6 IMPERF.  fer-€-ba-m, etc. 
SING. 2. fer-s FuT. fer-a-m, etc. 
3. fer-t PERF. tul-i, etc. 
1. fer-i-mus PLUPERF.  tul-era-m, etc. 
PLUR 2. fer-tis Fut. PERF. tul-er-6, etc. 
3. fer-u-nt 
PRESENT Passive 
1. fer-o-r IMPERF. fer-6-ba-r, etc. 
SING. | 2. fer-ris (re) Fut. fer-a-r, etc. 
3. fer-tur PERF. 14-t-us sum, etc. 
1. fer-i-mur PLUPERF. 1&-t-us eram, etc. 
PLUR. | 2. fer-i-mini FuT. PEerF. 14-t-us erG, etc. 
3. fer-u-ntur 


1. Observe the quantity of the penult of ferd, and accent its 
compounds properly. 


364. Inflect like ferd the following compounds : — 
ad-fer6, ferre, attuli, adlatus, dring to,—_ad + ferd 
dé-fer6, ferre, détuli, délatus, bring down from, transfer 
in-fer6, ferre, intuli, inlatus, dring in or on, inflict 
per-fer6, ferre, pertuli, perlatus, dring to an end, endure 
1. Observe the change in ad in composition. Learn the above 
list of words with their forms and meanings. 


365. VOCABULARY 
agricultira, ae, f., agriculture. rediico, ere, dixi, ductus, ad 
occasus, tis, m., a falling down; back. 
sdlis occasus, szmset. circiter, adv., about. 
passus, tis, m., face. postridié, on the day after (with 
vulnus, eris, n., wound. Gen.). 
intellegs6, ere, 1éxi, léctus, wzder- praeter, prep. with Acc., deyond. 
stand, perceive, know. ultra, prep. with Acc., deyond. 


lisque, adv., even up to, as far as. 


READING LESSON I4I 


366. EXERCISES 


I. 1. His responsis adlatis, occas solis Caesar equités in castra 
reduxit. 2. Vulneribus multis inlatis, isque ad vesperum pugna- 
verunt et multos hostis interfécérunt. 3. Omnem equitatum 
praeter oppidum reduxit quod hostés integris viribus pugnabant. 
4. Bellum, quod Germanis intulerat, dudbus annis’ pertulit. 
5. Postridié éius diéi montem reliquit, et, acié instructa, ad 
lacum processit, quo in loco erant castra hostium. 6. Ultra eum 
locum, circiter milia? passuum duo a Bibracti, copias pedestrés 
duxit. 7. Contentione omnium virium sé agriculturae dedit. 
8. Intelléxit hostés locum castris idoneum deéligere. 


II. 1. Caesar led his army about three® miles to the town (of) 
Bibracte.t 2. On the day after that day, having received’ many 
wounds, they led their forces to a high hill near the river. 3. I 
know that you are drawing up a triple line of battle. 4. They 
fought even (up) to sunset, and no one saw an enemy turned 
away. 5. The army was led ‘six hundred paces beyond the city. 
6. The Germans had settled in a place beyond the Rhine. 7. You 
knew that they were surrendering their arms, and giving hostages 
to Caesar. 8. At sunset they will bring the battle to an end. 
g. Were you not bringing the grain down from the hills into the 


town? 


367. READING LESSON 


Eoddem dié Ariovistus castra promovit,® et milibus? passuum sex 
a Caesaris castris sub monte consédit. Postridié éius diei praeter 
Caesaris castra suas copias traduxit, et milibus passuum duobus 
ultra eum castra fecit. Caesar ubi intellexit Ariovistum sé castris 
tenére, ultra eum locum, quo in locd Germani conséderant, circi- 
ter passiis s€scentos ab eis, locum castris idoneum delegit aci€que 
triplici instricta, ad eum locum vénit. Proximo die Caesar é 





1 See 167, 2. 2 two thousands of paces — two miles. * See 366, 6. * Acc. 
in apposition with oppidum.  Abl.Abs. © Infer meaning. 1 See 267, 


142 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


castris utrisque’ copias suas éduxit et aciem instruxit. Eo die 
acriter pugnatum ” est utrimque® Usque ad vesperum. Solis occasti 
Ariovistus, multis vulneribus et inlatis et acceptis, suas cOpias in 
castra reduxit. 


368. Root mit, send. 
mit-t6, send mis-sile, a javelin O-mit-t6, neglect 
mis-si6, a sending Aa-mit-td, ? com-mis-stira, a joining together 





Form compound words with com, inter, per, prae, sub, and give 
meaning. 

Enc. Der. — Admit, omit, mission, promise, remittance, mis- 
sionary. 


—0-059$,00——_ 


LESSON LVI 
THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS— WORD LIST 


369. The indefinite quis is rare except in the compound ali- 
quis, some one, and the combinations siquis, 7f any one; né quis, 
lest any one; numquis, whether any one; and a few others which 
will be explained later. 


370. SINGULAR 
Mase. Fem. Neut. 
N. aliquis (aliqui) aliqua aliquid (aliquod) 
G. alictius alictiius alictius 
D. alicui — alicui alicui 
Ac. aliquem aliquam aliquid (aliquod) 
Ab. aliqusé aliqua aliqus6 
PLURAL 
N. aliqui aliquae aliqua 
G. aliquoérum aliquarum aliqu6rum 
D. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus 
Ac. aliqués aliquas aliqua 
Ab. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus 





1 Adj., agreeing with castris, Josh. 2 Lit. it was fought. Translate, chey 
fought. *% Adv., modifying pignatum est, on both sides. 


THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 143 


371. The forms aliqui (sing.) and aliquod are used adjectively : 
aliqui deus, some god; aliquod malum, some evil. 


372. The most important indefinites besides aliquis are : — 


Mase, Fem. Neut. 
quidam quaedam quiddam (quoddam), 
@ certain one 
quisquam (quaequam) quidquam (quicquam), 
any one 
quisque quaeque quidque (quodque), 


each one, every one 
1. These are declined like the simple pronoun, but quidam 
changes m to n before d: quendam, quoérundam. 


373. Aliquis means some one unknown to the speaker. Quidam 
means a certain one not described by the speaker. 


374. - VOCABULARY 


acervus, I, m., heap, pile. carpo, ere, si, tus, pick, gather. 
indolés, is, f., disposition, character. impl6r6, are, avi, atus, implore, 
alarius, a, um, Je/onging to the wing. beg for. 

alarii, Orum, m. pl., auxiliaries on invide6, Ere, vidi, visus, grudge, 


the wing. envy (w. Dat.). 
aliénus, a, um, de/onging to another, muUt6, are, avi, atus, change. 
another’s. démum, adv., at /ength. 


contentus, a, um, content, satisfied. Olim, adv., formerly, once upon a time. 


370. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Dicunt formicam olim hominem fuisse. 2. Hic homo 
agriculturae maximé studuit, suis autem laboribus contentus non 
erat. 3. Quam ob rem? in animal quae? nunc formica vocatur 
mutatus est. 4. Postridié Gius diéi Caesar omnés alarids in 
conspectt hostium pro castris minoribus constituit. 5. Dixistis 
eum, triplici acié. instructa, usque ad castra hostium accessisse. 
6. Homo quod bonis aliénis invidit frugés proximorum carpsit. 
7. Hostés ad Caesarem mittentés pacem implorabant. 8. Demum, 
armis traditis, condicionem pacis obtinuerunt. g. Quidam prima 





1 therefore. 2 Attracted into agreement with formica. 


144 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


luce ad castra nostra vénit. 10. Quaré quisquam bonis aliénis 
invidet ? x11. Quidam speculatorés ad castra hostium quaque 
nocte veniebant. 


II. 1. Each one was content with his own labors, and did not 
envy the good fortune of another. 2. A certain man was changed 
into an ant because he was not content with his own labors. 3. The 
ant kept picking up heaps of grain. 4. The disposition of the 
man was not changed. 5. Why does any one refuse to bring aid 
to his friends? 6. We sawsome soldiers every day near the town. 
7. The soldier does not envy the leader’s danger. 8. Some are 
content with a brief story. . g. I shall not give this shield to 
any one. 


376. READING LESSON: Formica 


Formica, quae nunc est, olim homo erat; et maxime agricultu- 
rae studéns, laboribus suis contentus non erat ; sed semper bonis’ 
aliénis invidéns frugés proximOrum carpebat. Iuppiter? autem, 
iratus® ius avaritiae, mutavit eum in animal quae nunc formica 
vocatur. Sed, forma mutata, indolem non mitavit ; nam etiam 
nunc, circumiéns* ad acervos frumenti, frugés aliénas conligit, 
sibique reponit.® 


377. WORD LIST IX 

acervus *circiter imploro *morior **quidam 
*adequitO *conclams6 improbus **mox **quisquam 
**adferd *condo incalésco ** mito ** quisque 
*agricultiira *consido indolés *occasus *reciperd 

alarii _ ¥*contentus **inferd *occasus solis riged 

alarius ** déferd *intellegs **Olim serpéns 
**aliénus *démum *intercliidd passus *eyltra 
**aliquis *exerced *invenio **perferd *isque 

avaritia **ferd *invided **permoved *versor 
*benefactor gelus *irascor *postridié vestis 
*carpo *hiems lingua *praeter vulgus 

caténa *hospitium *miserésco *prodiico *vulnus 





1 the property of others. * Jupiter. * angry at his avarice: avaritiae, 
Dat. after the intrans. irascor, see 294. 4 going around. *® gathers. *® lays up. 


ae 


IRREGULAR VERBS 145 


378. Root fac, make or do. 


fac-i-6, make, do 


fac-tum, deed fac-ilis, easy 


fac-iés, appearance, make fac-ul-tas, ability dif-fic-ilis, hard 


1. Observe changes 
pound verbs with con, 
the root as in difficilis. 


in the root in composition. Form com- 
dé, per, prae, making the same change in 


Enc. Der. — Fact, factor, factory, faction, facility, defect. 


—-09500——_. 


LESSON LVII 


IRREGULAR VERBS—Vol6 AND ITS COMPOUNDS ¥. 


379. Vold, de willing, wish. Princ. Parts, vold, velle, volui 
Nolo (non + volo), de unwilling. Princ. Parts, ndld, ndlle, ndlui 
Malo (magis + vold), wish rather, prefer. Princ. Parts, mals, 


SING. PLUR. 
I. vol6 volumus 
2. vis vultis 
3. vult volunt 


volé-ba-m, etc. 


vol-a-m 
vol-é-s, etc. 


vol-u-i, etc. 
vol-u-eram, etc. 


vol-u-er6, etc. 
BEGIN. LAT. BK 


malle, malui 


PRESENT 
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
nolo nolumus malo malumus 
nonvis non vultis mavis miavultis 
non vult ndlunt mavult mdaAlunt 
IMPERFECT 
n6dlé-ba-m, etc. malé-ba-m, etc. 
FUTURE 
nol-a-m mal-a-m 
n6ol-é-s, etc. mal-é-s, etc. 
PERFECT 
nol-u-i, etc. m4l-u-i, etc. 
PLUPERFECT 
nol-u-eram, etc. mal-u-eram, etc. 


FUTURE PERFECT 
nol-u-er6, etc. mal-u-er6, etc. 
-—I10 


146 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


1. Observe that nol6 and malo are compounds of voléd, and 
that the irregularities occur in the Present tense only. 


380. VOCABULARY 
hospes, itis, m. and f,, host, guest, cOnfid6, ere, fisus sum, ¢rust firmly, 
friend. rely upon. 
navicula, ae, f., skiff. déligo, are, avi, atus, dznd fast, 
phalanx, ngis, f., pralanx. Jasten. 
quaestor, Oris, m., guaestor. 6ripis, ere, ul, reptus, svatch away. 
testis, is, m. and f., witness. pereo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, perish. 
uxor, Gris, f., wife. revello, ere, i, vulsus, full back, 
voluptas, atis, f., A/easure. tear away. 


traho, ere, traxi, tractus, draw, drag. 


381. EXERCISES 


I. 1. EOs testés suae’ quisque virtutis habébat. 2. At Germani 
phalange facta in nostros impetum fecerunt. 3. Ad flumen Rhe- 
num, milia passuum ex e0 loco circiter quinquaginta, pervenerunt. 
4. Ibi pauci salutem sibi repperérunt ; in his fuit Ariovistus, qui 
naviculam ad ripam deligatam invenerat. 5. Meis amicis confi- 
dere malo, fidi enim sunt. 6. Nostri salutem in fuga petere nole- 
bant. 7. Hostés ad flumen contendere voluerant. 8. In urbe 
manere malet. 9. Caesar magna voluptate hospitem suum éreptum 
esse € manibus hostium audivit. ro. Mulierés in castris manére 
noluerant ; itaque multae occisae sunt in fuga. 


II. 1. Many perished in this battle, for it was long and fierce. 
2. Caesar’s guest friend was being dragged along the road. 
3. There were many witnesses of his bravery, for the army had 
been drawn up upon the hill. 4. The enemy did not wish to give 
up their arms. 5. Caesar did not trust Ariovistus firmly. 6. The 
two wives of Ariovistus preferred to perish in flight. 7. The sol- 
diers wished to assault the town at daybreak. 8. I was unwilling 
to snatch the shield away from my friend. 9. The skiff was bound 
fast to the bank. 





1 The reflexive regularly precedes quisque when used in the same sentence. 


mm 






LIBRARY 
OF THE 


UNIVERSITY 
QF PRONOUNS, 
en) IF ORM 

382. READING LESSON 





REVIE 147 


Postridié éius diei Caesar praesidid utrisque castris paucos reli- 
quit et omnes alarios in conspectu hostium pro castris minOdribus 
cOnstituit. Ipse, triplici instriicta acié, tisque ad castra hostium 
accessit. Tum demum Germani suas copias castris €diixérunt. 
Caesar singulis legionibus singulos légatds et quaestorem praefe- 
cit; ipse a dextro’ corni proelium commisit. Nostri acriter in 
hostés signo dato impetum fécérunt et dit in tind locd pignatum 
est. Tandem hostés fugere coepérunt neque prius fugere déstité- 
runt* quam ad flumen Rhénum, milia passuum ex e6 loco circiter 
quinquaginta, pervenerunt. Multi in ea puigna atque fuga occisi 
sunt; in his duae Ariovisti uxorés. Duae filiae; harum altera 
occisa est, altera capta. Ariovistus ipse évasit.® 


383. Root fer, dear. 


fer-6, dear for-te, by chance for-tina, ——? 
fer-t-ilis, ——? fer-t-ili-tas, ? dé-fer-6, ——? 


Enc. Der. — Fertile, fortune, infer, offer, suffer. Give others. 








010300 — 


LESSON LVIII 
REVIEW OF PRONOUNS 
384. Review carefully 136, 147, 148, 272-275, 286-288, 298. 


385. VOCABULARY 


géns, gentis, f., trzde, nation. commoves, ére, movi, motus, 

Labiénus, 1, m., Zadienus. move, disturb. 

littera, ae, f., /etter; pl. epistle, letter. condtic6, ere, diixi, ductus, /ead 

rumor, Gris, m., *efort, rumor. or bring together. 

c6g6, ere, coégi, codctus, drive coniiiré, are, avi, atus, conspire. 
together, collect. 





1 right. 2 neque déstitéruht, did not cease. 8 escaped. 


148 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


386. SPECIAL EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS 


I. 1x. Tu mihi litteras a Labieno dedisti, ego huic légato dedi. 
2. Hic puer bonus est, ille malus. 3. Vos ad herbida loca perve- 
nietis, nos ad montes. 4. Cuius est telum? illius est. 5. In 
locum properas ultra quem castra posita sunt. 6. Huic ignoscit, 
illi non ignoscit. 7. Quidam homo contra populum Romanum 
coniuravit. 8. Dicit sé litteras mihi dedisse. 9g. Is est amicus 
mihi, tibi inimicus ille. 1o. Tuus amicus tibi nOn est similis. 


IJ. 1. The man killed himself. 2. His friend is unlike him. 
3. You are unfriendly to me, but I am friendly to you. 4. You 
gave mea letter from my friend. 5. Whose arms are in the town? 
The soldiers’ arms (are). 6. Men and women are present; the 
former are brave, the latter graceful. 7. He gave his weapons to 
a certain man who was in our camp. 8. The men themselves will 
be in the village. 9. The king says that a supply of grain is at 
hand for you. 


387. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Rumorés crebri ad Caesarem adlati erant, quibus rumo- 
ribus non est territus. 2. Dicit Caesarem duas novas legionés 
cOnscribere, quas € castris contra hostés ducet. 3. Nuntiatum 
est omnés Belgas inter se obsidés dare. 4. His litteris rumori- 
busque non omnino commotus est, sed exercitum conducere coe- 
pit. 5. Belgae, qui contra populum Romanum coniuraverant, 
géns fortis et bellicoOsa erant. 6. Labieénus, unus ex Caesaris lega- 
tis, el nuntids et litteras misit. 7. Ubi est in agris pabuli copia, 
iter faciémus in finés hostium. 8. Dicit manum magnam Belgarum 
cOgi et contra Caesarem armari. 


II. 1. Caesar came into Gaul into the winter quarters over 
which Labienus was in command. 2. Caesar will enroll three 
-new legions in farther Gaul, and lead them together into winter 
quarters. 3. All the Belgae are conspiring against the Roman 
people, and giving hostages to one another. They say that the 


- 


IRREGULAR VERBS 149 


neighbors of the Belgae are being led together. 5. When we had 
led the army together into one place, a fierce battle was fought.’ 
6. They said that Caesar was disturbed by the rumors of war. 
7. Many hostile nations wished to contend with the Germans. 


388. Root leg, gather. 


leg-6, gather dé-lig-6, choose di-lig-enter, ? 
leg-iG, ? di-lig-entia, diligence in-tel-leg-6, know 








Enc. Der. — Coil, cull, collection, legion, legend, intellect, 
neglect. Form others. 





oor@zo 


LESSON LIX 


IRREGULAR VERBS—E6 AND Fi6, INDICATIVE— 
CONSTRUCTIONS .OF PLACE 


389. Eo, go. Princ. Parts, e6, ire, ivi(ii), itus 
PRESENT 
SING. PLUR. 
I. e-6 i-mus ImpF. i-ba-m, etc. PERF. i-v-I (i-i), etc. 
2. I-s i-tis Fut. I-b-6, etc. PLUP. i-v-era-m, etc. 
3. i-t e-u-nt Fut. PERF. I-v-er-6, etc. 


1. Supply omitted forms. Ho is used impersonally in the third 
person singular, passive. The compounds ad-e6, / approach, and 
in-ed, J enzer, are transitive, and have a passive inflection also. 





390. SINGULAR 

(I, ad-e-o-r 
2. ad-i-ris (re) ImprF. ad-I-ba-r, etc. 
3. ad-i-tur Fur. ad-i-bo-r, etc. 

PREs. 3 PLURAL PERF. ad-i-t-us sum, etc. 

’ aA tiny PLUP. ad-i-t-us eram, etc. 
a ae Seni nt Fut. Perr. ad-i-t-us ero, etc. 

| 3. ad-e-u-ntur 





1 {criter pignatum est. 


I50 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


391. Fid, become (used as passive of facid) 
Princ. Parts, fid, fieri, factus sum 





SINGULAR 
(1. f1-6 
2. fi-s IMPF. fi-é-ba-m, etc. 
3. fi-t Fut. fi-a-m 
fi-6-s, etc. 
PRES.) = PLURAL PERF. fac-t-us sum, etc. 
I. fi-mus Pup. fac-t-us eram, etc. 
2. fi-tis Fut. Perr. fac-t-us erG, etc. 


3. fi-u-nt 


392. Examine the following : — 


1. Caesarem certidrem facit, he informs Caesar (makes Caesar 
more certain). 
2. Caesar certior factus est, Caesar was informed. 


Observe that certior is an adjective in the comparative degree, 
and is declined like any other comparative. 


393. Examine the following : — 


. A Gallia navigavit, he sailed away from Gaul. 
. Roma profectus est, he set out from Rome. 

. Ex urbe égressus est, he went out of the city. 

. Délo vénit, he came from Delos. 

5. Domo exivit, he went out from home. 


WwW N 


Rute. — The place from which is regularly expressed by the Abla- 
tive with a preposition, generally ab, dé, or ex; but 
names of towns and small islands, also domus and ris, 
omit the preposition. 


394. Examine the following :— 


1. Ad finés Belgarum properat, he hastens to the territory of the 
Belgae. 

2. In Italiam profectus est, he se¢ out for Italy. 

3. Romam ivit, he went to Rome. 


CONSTRUCTIONS OF PLACE ISI 


4. Délum navigavit, he sailed to Delos. 
5. Domum ibit, he will go home. 
6. Rus vénit, he came into the country. 


Rute. — The place to which is regularly expressed by the Accusa- 
tive with a preposition ; but names of towns and small 
islands, also domus and ris, omit the preposition. 


395. Examine the following : — 


. In urbe mansit, he remained in the city. 

. Romae mansit, he remained at Rome. 

. Athénis fuit, he was at Athens. 

. Delo non fui, / was not at Delos. 

. Rex erat Curibus, ‘he king was at Cures. 
Domi eramus, we were at home. 


Am bh WwW DN 


RuLe.— The place in which is regularly expressed by the Abla- 
tive with the preposition in; but names of towns and 
small islands, also domus and ris, are put in the Loca- 
tive. 


Note. — The Locative (see 21, n. 1) has the same form as the Genitive in 
singulars of the First and Second Declensions; but in singulars of the Third 
and all plurals it has the same form as the Dative or Ablative. The Locative 
forms of domus and riis are domi and riiri. 


396. VOCABULARY 
Athénae, arum, f. pl., Athens. 6égredior, I, gressus sum, go or 
Curés, ium, f. or m. pl., Cures. march out. - 
. Délos, I, f., Delos. certiGrem! faci6, ere, féci, certior 
és frimentaria, rei friimentariae, factus, zzform. 
— £, grain supply. navig6, are, Avi, atus, saz/. 
Roma, ae, f., Rove. proficiscor, i, fectus sum, se¢ out, 
rus, riiris, n., country (opposed to nearch. 
city). frtistra, adv., 77 vain. 


statim, adv., zmmediately, at once. 





1 Inflected to agree with object of facié. 


152 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


397. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Impetu facto in multa oppida, ROmam statim profectus 
.est. 2. Rebus frumentariis conléectis, Délum cum maxima multi- 
tiidine hominum ivit. 3. Certior factus est amicum domum pro- 
ficisci.' 4. Athénis sunt multi et fortés viri, qui statim Délum 
navigabunt. 5. Diu Curibus mansit, tum Athénas vénit. 6. Fru- 
stra cOnatus est navigare domum. 7. Q. Pedius,’ Caesaris légatus, 
cum copiis omnibus in interidrem Galliam statim ibit. 8. Egres- 
sus est ex urbe quod rus ire volebat. 9. Maius fiet periculum 
quod hostés ad nostra oppida veniunt. 10. Romam ivérunt, quae 
urbs clarissima erat. 


II. 1. He went to Rome on the tenth day and set out imme- 
diately for Athens. 2. Grain supplies were brought into the city, 
for the citizens feared an attack of the enemy. 3. He informs 
them that the soldiers are making an attack in vain. 4. You will 
go immediately into the country. 5. He will have gone to Delos: 
within four days. 6. There were few inhabitants in Cures. 7. He_ 
became king at Athens. 8. He will become the leader of all their 
forces. 9g. They were going from the city to the country. 


398. READING LESSON 


Cum esset® Caesar in citeridre Gallia in hibernis, crébri rumorés 
ad eum adferébantur, litterisque item* Labiéni certior fiebat omnés 
Belgas contra populum ROmanum conitrare obsidésque inter sé?° 
dare. His nintiis litterisque commodtus Caesar duas legionés in 
citeriore Gallia conscripsit, et inita® aestate in interiorem Galliam 
cum eis Q. Pedium légatum misit. Ipse, cum pabuli copia esse 
inciperet,’ ad exercitum vénit. Finitimi Belgarum Caesari nin- 
tiaverunt manus cOgi et exercitum in inum locum conduci. Quare 
Caesar ad eos proficisci cOnstituit. Re framentaria comparata, 
castra movet, diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum 
pervenit. 





1 certior factus is followed by the construction of the indirect discourse. 
2 Quintus Pedius. ° When Caesar was. * likewise. * to one another, 
® in the beginning of summer, ' when there began to be... . 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 153 


399. Root, da, give. 








do, give d6-no, give 6-d6, give out 
dé-do, give up _ do-num, ? tra-do (trans + dG), give over 
dé-di-tis, ? vén-do, sel/ tra-di-tio, —— ? 


Enc. Der.— Date, dot, dative, edition, donor, donate, traitor, 
vend. 


—-0594 00-——. 
LESSON LX 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, Sum—INDEPENDENT USE OF THE 
SUBJUNCTIVE 
400. PreEsENnT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT 
I. Si-m es-se-m fu-eri-m fu-isse-m 
SING. { 2. S1-8 es-sé-s fu-eri-s fu-issé-s 
3. si-t es-se-t fu-eri-t fu-isse-t 


2. si-tis es-sé-tis fu-eri-tis fu-issé-tis 


I. si-mus es-sé-mus fu-eri-mus fu-issé-mus 
PLUR. 
3. si-nt es-se-nt fu-eri-nt fu-isse-nt 


1. Observe that the Imperfect Subjunctive is made from the 
Present Infinitive, the Pluperfect Subjunctive from the Perfect 
Infinitive. 

2. Note also the one difference in inflection between the 
Perfect Subjunctive and the Future Perfect Indicative (see 208). 
Note that the Future and Future Perfect tenses are lacking in the 
Subjunctive. 


401. The Subjunctive is used either independently or depend- 
ently. It is used in independent clauses to express — 
1. An exhortation: Simus fortés, /e¢ us be brave. 
A command: Sit miser, “¢ him be wretched. 
A prohibition: Né fueris inimicus, do not be unfriendly. 
In this use it is called the Hortatory Subjunctive. 
2. Awish: Utinam essem Romae, would that I were at Rome. 
In this use it is called the Optative Subjunctive, 


154 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


3. A possibility : Aliquis sit amicus, some one may be a friend. 
In this use it is called the Potential Subjunctive. 

4. Doubt or Indignation in questions: Quid faciamus? What 
shall we do? In this use it is called the Dubitative Subjunc- 
tive. 

The use of the Subjunctive in dependent clauses will be gradu- 
ally discussed as the work advances. 


402. VOCABULARY 
clava, ae, f., staff, clud. advoco, are, avi, atus, ca// ¢o or 
Herculés, is, m., Hercules. towards. 
magistratus, iis, m., magistrate. consenti6, ire, sénsi, sénsus, agree 
Nemea, ae, f., Nemea. with, conspire. 
pecus, oris, n., flock. impon6, ere, posul, positus, place 
sagitta, ae, f., arrow. upon, assign. 
umerus, i, m., shoulder. valeo, Gre, ui, ittirus, Je strong, 
vallés, is, f., valley. avail, 


vivo, ere, vixi, victus, /ive. 


403. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Leone interfecto, fortes simus. 2. In valle Nemeae leo 
ingéns vivebat qui pecora hominésque interficiebat. 3. Hercules 
sit fortis, leo enim adest. 4. Réx dixit: “ Ctrae tibi 
sit ea res.” 5. Herculés respondit: “Quam celer- 
rimé’ lednem interficiam,” et statim profectus est. 
6. Hercules clavam in manu sua habuit. 7. Mor- 
tuum leOnem umeris imposuerat et ad regem tule- 
rat. 8. Utinam domi essem, ingéns enim leo ad me 
venit. g. Quid faciam? Nam omnés consentiunt 
leonem esse homini inimicum. 10. Unum impe- 
Puaretra Yium et unum magistratum eOds habére dixérunt. 





II. x. Let our friends be faithful in (time of) danger. 2. Her- 
cules had used his club and arrows in vain. 3. The king had called 
Hercules to him, and had assigned to him twelve labors. 4. Her- 





1 as quickly as possible, 


“oi 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 155 


cules was not able to kill the lion with his club or arrows. 
5. They had not conspired against the Roman people, and were 
ready to give hostages. 6. The Germans who live on this side of 
the Rhine had joined themselves with these. 7. Over this river 
was a bridge. Here he places a guard, and on the other side of 
the river he leaves a lieutenant with six cohorts. 8. Would that 
he were’ with his army in the camp. 9g. Let us be faithful to our 
friends. 10. He may be brave, but he is not good. 


404. Reapinc Lesson: (Vemeus Leo 


In valle Nemeae leo ingens vivebat, et pecora hominésque cotti- 
dié interficiébat. Eurystheus,* réx Tirynthis,?> Herculem ad sé 
advocavit, eique dixit: “Curae tibi sit hunc leonem quam celerrimé 
interficere.”* Statim proficiscitur Herculés. Clava sagittisque 
frustra Usus, impetu facto, leonem manibus interfécit. Tum ad 
Eurystheum revertit, mortuum leOnem umeris impositum feréns. 


405. Root ac, sharp. 


ac-er, sharp ac-er-bus, Jitter, sour ac-iés, edge, line of battle 
ac-us, zeedle ac-ri-ter, ——? ac-er-bi-tas, sharpness 


Enc. Der. — Edge, acrobat, acid, acrimonious. 


—-0595 00———_ 


LESSON LXI 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD—SEQUENCE OF TENSES 


406. The tenses of the Subjunctive in dependent clauses follow 
special laws of sequence. 


407. All tenses are divided into two classes, primary and . 


secondary. 





1See 401, 2. 2 Zurystheus. * Tiryns, Tirynthis, or Tirynthos, 77- 
ryns (an ancient town of Argolis). ‘4 interficere, subject of sit. Translate, 
Let it be a care to you to kill, or See that you kill... 


156 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


408. The primary tenses express present or future time: the 
Present, Pure Perfect,' Future, and Future Perfect Indicative, the 
Present and Perfect Subjunctive, and the Present and Future 
Imperative. 


. 409. The secondary tenses express past time: the Imperfect, 
: Perfect Historical,? and Pluperfect Indicative, and the TRapereen 
and Pluperfect Subjunctive. 


410. General Rule for Sequence of Tenses. — In complex sen- 
tences a primary tense in the principal clause is followed by a 
primary in the subordinate, a secondary by a secondary. 


411. Examine the following : — 


I. Monet ut simus boni, he advises us to be good (that we may be). 

2. Monébit ut simus boni, he w7// advise us to be good. 

3. Monuit ut essémus boni, fe advised us to be good (that we © 
might be). 

. Monuerat ut essémus boni, he had advised us to be good. = 

. Monébat ut essémus boni, he was advising us to be good. 

. Monuit ut simus boni, he has advised us to be good. 

. Monuerit ut simus boni, he will have advised us to be good. 


ar Am Bf 


Learn these examples, and note the distinction in meaning and 
use of the tenses in 3 and 6. Learn carefully the list of primary 
and secondary tenses, and in the succeeding lessons point them 
out until you are thoroughly familiar with them. 


412. VOCABULARY 
Galba, ae, m., Galba. Rémi, Srum, m. pl., ze Remi. 
hydra, ae, f., hydra. Suessi6nés, um, m. pl., te Suessiones. 
itis, itiris n., right, Jaw. plérusque, aque, umque, @ very 
itistitia, ae, f., jzsdice. great part. 


plérique, Grumque, m. pl., “he most. 





1 That use of the Perfect which is expressed in English by the Present 
Perfect. 
2 The English simple Past tense. 


SEQUENCE OF TENSES 157 


abscid6, ere, i, scisus, cu¢ off or expelld, ere, puli, pulsus, exfe/, 
away. drive out. 
dimitt6, ere, misi, missus, sevd orior, iri, tus sum, arise, spring or 
away, dismiss. — - descend from. 
distine6, ére, ui, tentus, 40/7 or antiquitus, adv., ong ago, in ancient 
keep apart. times. 
ut, conj., “hat, in order that. 


413. EXERCISES 

I. 1x. Légati, primi civitatis, ad eum ab Remis missi sunt. 
2. Hi omnés sé suaque omnia in fidem atque in potestatem populi 
Romani permisérunt. 3. Remi neque cum reliquis Belgis consense- 
rant neque contra populum Romanum coniuraverant. 4. Plerique 
Belgae erant orti 4 Germanis, Rhenumque antiquitus traducti, 
propter fertilitatem ibi consederant. 5. Apud Suessiones fuerat 
rex nostra etiam memoria’ Divitiacus, totius Galliae potentissi- 
mus. 6. Pontem Caesar facit ut subsidio sibi sit. 7. Pontem 
Caesar fécit ut subsidio sibi esset. 8. Ad Aeduds légatos mittet 
ut friimenti copia sibi sit. 9. Ad Aeduos legatos miserat ut fru- 
menti copia sibi esset. 10. Legatus ad collem legionem decimam 
misit ut Caesari auxilio esset. 


II. 1. Galba was chosen leader? on account of his justice and 
prudence. 2. Caesar having encouraged * the Remi, ordered all 
the senate to come to him, and all the children of the chiefs 
to be brought to him as hostages. 3. Caesar advises his sol- 
diers to be (that they may be) brave. 4. Caesar advised his 
soldiers to be (that they might be) brave. 5. Caesar was ad- 
vising his soldiers to be brave. 6. Caesar will advise his soldiers 
to be brave. 7. Caesar has advised his centurions to be faithful. 
8. Caesar will have advised the tenth legion to be faithful. 9. The 
lieutenant had advised his centurions to be brave. 


414. READING LESSON 


Rémi ad Caesarem légatds, primOs civitatis, miserunt, qui dixe- 
runt Rémos sé suaque omnia in potestatem populi Romani per- 





1 even within our memory. 2 See 357. 8 cohortatus. 


158 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


mittere,' neque sé cum Belgis reliquis cOns€nsisse, neque contra 
populum Romanum coniurasse,? paratOsque esse et obsidés dare 
et imperata facere: reliquos omnés Belgas in armis esse, Germa- 
nosque, qui cis Rhenum incolant,’ sésé cum his conitinxisse. 

De summa‘ autem belli et dé numero armatorum légati Caesa- 
rem certiorem fécerunt. Summa belli, quam Bellovaci® propter 
virtutem numerumque militum postulavérunt, ad Galbam, régem 
Suessionum, propter iustitiam prudentiamque delata est.® 

Caesar, Remos cohortatus, omnem senatum ad sé convenire 
principumque liberos ad sé addici iussit. Quae omnia ab his dili- 
genter’ ad diem facta sunt. Postquam omnés Belgarum copias ad 
sé venire vidit, flimen Axonam copias traduxit ibique castra posuit. 


415. Root sta, stand. 


sto, stand sta-bulum, ——? sta-tira, ? 
sta-bilis, firm sta-tis, ——? sta-tim, ¢zmmediately 


Enc. DEr. — State, station, stand, distant, constant, standard. 





2059400 — 


LESSON LXIT 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, FIRST CONJUGATION — PURPOSE 


CLAUSES 
416. Active 
PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT 
I. voce-m & voca-re-m vocav-eri-1m vocav-isse-m 
SING. { 2. VOCE-s voca-ré-s vocav-eri-s vocav-issé-s 
3. voce-t voca-re-t vocav-eri-t vocav-isse-t 


2. vocé-tis voca-ré-tis vocav-eri-tis vocav-issé-tis 


I. vocé-mus vocda-ré-mus vocdav-eri-mus vocdav-issé-mus 
PLUR. 
3. voce-nt voca-re-nt vocav-eri-nt vocav-isse-nt 





1 permitt6, intrust. % Contracted form for conitirdvisse. * dwell. 
4 the leadership.  * the Bellovaci. ° was conferred. 1 promptly. 

8 No sufficient translation of the Subjunctive can be given in the paradigms. 
You must depend for its meaning upon a study of the context and the illustra- 
tive examples which will accompany the discussion of this mood. 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 159 


417. Passive 
PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT 
I. voce-r voca-re-r vocatus sim vocatus essem 
SING. {= vocé-ris(re) vocd-ré-ris(re) vocatus sis vocdtus essés 
3. vocé-tur voca-ré-tur vocatus sit vocatus esset 


2. vocé-mini voca-ré-mini vocati sitis vocati essétis 


I. vocé-mur voca-ré-mur vocatisimus vocdati essémus 
PLUR. 
3. voce-ntur voca-re-ntur vocati sint vocati essent 


418. Observe the change in the stem vowel of the Present 
Subjunctive, both active and passive, and the one difference in 
form of the Perfect Subjunctive and Future Perfect Indicative 
active. 

Inflect in the same way mut6, arm6, impl6r6, superd. 


419. Examine the following : — 


1. Magister venit ut discipulos vocet, ‘he teacher is coming to call 
the pupils (that he may call). 

2. Magister vénit ut discipulds vocaret, ‘he teacher came to call 
the pupils (that he might call). 

3. Milités fortiter pugnant né dux culpet, “he soldiers fight bravely 
that their leader may not blame them (lest he may). 

4. Milités fortiter pignavérunt né dux culparet, the soldiers fought 
bravely that their leader might not blame them (lest he might). 

5. Militeés ad superiorem locum contendent, quo facilius pugnent, 
the soldiers will hasten to a higher place in order to fight more 
eastly (in order that they may). 

6. Milites ad superiorem locum contendérunt, quo facilius pugna- 
rent, the soldiers hastened to a higher place in order to fight 
more easily (in order that they might). 


1. Observe that ut, zz order that, introduces an affirmative 
clause of purpose ; né, ¢ha¢ not or Zest, a negative one; and that — 
quo is used with a comparative to express purpose. Never use 
the infinitive in such clauses. 

2. The law for the sequence of tenses (406-410) should be 
followed in writing the exercise of this lesson. 


160 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


420. VOCABULARY 
bélua, ae, f., deast, monster. énascor, i, natus sum, spring uf, 
cOnsilium, i, n., A/a, counsel. grow out. 
discipulus, I, m., pupzi. tings, ere, tinxi, tinctus, wei, 
liber, bri, m., do0k. moisten. 
natio, Onis, f., zation. vulner6, are, Avi, atus, wound. 
venénatus, a, um, foisoned, poison- né, conj., in order that not, lest. 

ous. quo, conj. with comparatives, Zaz. 


cOnsim6, ere, psi, ptus, des‘roy, vér6, adv., in truth, indeed. 
use up, consume. 


421. EXERCISES 


I. 1. In paludem venit ut hydram vulneraret. 2. In paliidem 
‘venit ut hydram vulneret. 3. Antiquitus Herculés, bélua. victa, 
sagittas sanguine tinxit. 4. Multis oppidis cOnsumptis, monet ut 
milités in Gallia hiement. 5. Legatum in Aquitaniam proficisci 
iubet, né ex his natiOnibus in Galliam auxilia convocentur. 6. In 
provinciam contendere cOnstituit ut frumentum compararétur. 
7. ROmam venit, quo facilius amicos liberaret. 8. Summa celer- 
tate in Galliam contendérunt ut agros hostium vastarent. 9. Ad 
Italiam proficiscémur ut auxilium ab amicis implorémus. 10. Mul- 
tas cOpias unum in locum conducés ut bellum renovés. 


II. 1. They came into the territory of the Remi in order to! 
devastate their fields. 2. He advises us not to change our plans. 
3. You will set out for Rome in order to implore aid from Caesar. 
4. We shall lead the lamb to the temple to sacrifice it. 5. You 
advised us to deliver our friends from danger. 6. We shall win- 
ter in Gaul in order that we may more easily attack the towns in 
the beginning of summer.” 7. He persuaded me®* not to give 
the books to the master. 8. They sent a messenger to carry the 
poisoned arrows to Hercules. 


422. READING Lesson: Hydra Lernaea 


Hydra appellata est belua, quae in palude Lernaea* versabatur, 
cul erant capita novem, octo véro mortalia, nonum autem immor- 





1 Sign of Subj., ut. ? aestate inita. * Dative. * Lernaea, of Lerna. 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 161 


tale. Capita mortalia Herculés gladio suo abscidit, immortale 
autem vulnerare non potuit. Uno vero capite absciso, statim 
énascebantur duo. Haec autem, silvis incénsis, igne cOnsumpsit. 
Tum caput immortale sub saxo condidit. Hydra ita victa, sagit- 
tas béluae sanguine veneénato tinxit. 


423. Root fa-, shine, show. 








fa-bula, fadle, story fa-ma, report in-fa-ns, zfant 
fa-buldsus, ? fa-s, right (by divine law) In-fa-ndus, uwsspeakable 
fa-buldsé, 2? né-fa-s, ———? fa-tum, faze (things spoken) 


Enc. Der.— Fable, fame, fate, nefarious, infamous. Form others. 
—0595,00—_— 


LESSON LXIlIl 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, SECOND CONJUGATION — VERBS 
OF FEARING— WORD LIST 


424. Active 
PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT 
I. monea-m moné-re-m monu-eri-m monu-isse-m 
SING. {2 monea-s moné-ré-s monu-eri-s monu-issé-s 
3. monea-t moné-re-t monu-eri-t monu-isse-t 


I.monea-mus moné-ré-mus monu-eri-mus monu-issé-mus 
PLUR. i? monea-tis moné-ré-tis monu-eri-tis monu-issé-tis 
3. monea-nt moné-re-nt monu-eri-nt monu-isse-nt 


425. Passive 


(1. monea-r moné-re-r monitus sim monitus essem 
sinc. / 2, monea-ris(re)moné-ré-ris(re)monitus sis monitus essés 
l 3.monea-tur moné-ré-tur monitussit monitus esset 


2.mone4-mini moné-ré-mini monitisitis moniti essétis 
3. monea-ntur moné-re-ntur monitisint moniti essent 
BEGIN. LAT. BK.— II 


(> moned-mur moné-ré-mur monitisimus moniti essémus 
PLUR. 


162 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


1. Observe the signs of mood and tense in the above. In what 
respect do the Future Perfect Indicative active and the Perfect 
Subjunctive differ? 

2. Inflect as above teneo, terre, déled, observing carefully the 
principal parts of déleo. 


426. Examine the following : — 


. Vereor né pugnet, J fear that he will fight. 

. Vereor ut pugnet, J fear that he will not fight. 

. Veritus sum né pugnaret, / feared that he would fight. 

4. Veritus sum ut ptignaret, / feared that he would not fight. 


Ww N 


Observe the use of né and ut with verbs of fearing, and com- 
pare this use with that seen in the preceding lesson. 

Observe that the Subjunctive may be translated by the English 
Future Indicative ; also that the dependent verbs follow the law 
of sequence of tenses (406-410). 


RuLE. — Verbs and other expressions of fearing are followed by 
the Subjunctive with né affirmative and ut negative. 


427. VOCABULARY 
funditor, Oris, m., s/inger. statuo, ere, I, titus, s/ation, set up, 
Iccius, i, m., /ceczus. . resolve. 
sagittarius, I, m., archer. supersedeo, Ere, sédi, sessus, ve- 
tormentum, I, n., Zurling engine. rain from. 


conloco, are, avi, atus, se/, place. vereor, 6ri, itus sum, far. 
dédo, ere, didi, ditus, sive up, sur- item, adv., Likewise. 
render. libenter, adv., wz//ingly, gladly. 


428. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Veritus est né tantae natioOnés conitrarent. 2. Labiénum 
in Helvetios misit ut eam manum distinéret. 3. Iccius verétur ut 
proelio libenter supersedeant. 4. NOnne verébaris ut oppidum 
a funditoribus sagittariisque expugnarétur? 5. Hostés item armis 
traditis se dedidérunt, né gravius dolérent. 6. Ad oppidum pro- 
fectus, ibi castella cOnstituit et tormenta conlocavit ut celeriter 


VERBS OF FEARING | 163 


oppidum expignaretur. 7. Vereor ut castra hostium déleantur. 
8. Veriti sunt née castra moveretis. 9. Ad oppidum pedestrés 
cOpias ire iussit, ut oppugnetur. 10. Nonne te in Galliam misit 
ut hostés proelio prohibérés ? 


II. 1. We feared lest the archers and slingers might attack 
the town. 2. They feared that the Helvetii might be terrified 
by the great danger. 3. They fear that 
the army will not willingly remain in 
Gaul. 4. We fear that you will destroy 
the towns of the enemy. 5. He will 
fear that Caesar may refrain from battle. 
6. I likewise shall fear that the forces 
may be kept apart. 7. They hastened 
to the town in order that they might 
place hurling engines there. 8. We 
had feared that you would remain in -—@ 
the camp of the enemy. FUNDITOR 





429. READING LESSON 


A castris ROmanorum oppidum Rémodrum, nomine Bibrax,} 
aberat milia passuum octo. Id ex itinere magno impetti” Belgae 
oppugnare coeperunt. Cum proeli finem nox fecisset, Iccius, vir 
summa nobilitate et gratia inter Rémos, qui tum oppido praefue- 
rat, nuntium ad Caesarem misit :* sése dititius sustinere non posse. 
Caesar statim auxiliO misit sagittarios et funditores, quorum ad- 
venti oppidum reliquerunt hostés et ad Caesaris castra omnibus 
cOpiis contendérunt. Caesar primd* supersedére proeliO cOnsti- 
tuit, deinde fossam ab utroque’ latere collis perduxit et ad extre- 
mas fossas castella constituit et tormenta conlocavit. Hoc facto, 
duabus legionibus in castris relictis, reliquas sex legiOnés pro 
castris in aci€ cOnstituit. Hostés item suas copias ex castris 
éductas instruixérunt. 





1 Bibrax (a town of the Remi). ? with great force. % Indirect discourse 
depending on the idea of saying implied in ntintium misit. ‘* at first. * each. 


164 


430. Root dic, show, point. 


dic-6, say, tell 
dic-ta-tis, a saying often 
6-dic-tum, edict 


in-dex, pointer, witness 
iti-dex, Jaw speaker, judge 
iuti-dic-ium, 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


ab-dic-6, ——? 
prae-dic-6, ———? 
? prae-dic-ti6, ——? 


Enc. Der. — Diction, dictionary, dictate, ditto, judge, edict, 


benediction. Form others. 
431. WORD LIST X 
*abscidd *déligd *impono pecus *superseded 
**aded Délos **ineo **pered testis 
*advoco *dimitt6 *item phalanx tingo 
antiquitus discipulus **its *plérusque tormentum 
Athénae *distined **jUstitia *proficiscor *traho 
bélua *€gredior Labiénus quaestor umerus 
clava **€nascor libenter *quo ut 
*cOgo *¥eO liber Rémi uxor 
*commoved *expelld littera *rés friimentaria valed 
*condiic6 f16 *magistratus revell6 vallés 
*cOnfidd friistra ** malo - *Rdma venénatus 
*conitird funditor ** Natio rumor vereor 
*conlocd Galba **navicula riis vérd 
*cOnsentid *géns **navigo **sagitta *vivo 
*cOnsilium Herculés *né **sagittarius **yo1O 
coOnstim6 *hospes Nemea **statim **yoluptas 
Curés hydra **N515 **statuod *vulnero 
*dédo Iccius © *orior SuessiOnés 





ToORMENTUM * 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 165 


LESSON LXIV 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, THIRD CONJUGATION — RELATIVE 
CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 


432. Active 
PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT | PLUPERFECT 
I, rega-m rege-re-m réx-eri-m réx-isse-m 
SING. { 2. rega-s rege-ré-s réx-eri-s réx-issé-s 
3. rega-t rege-re-t réx-eri-t réx-isse-t 
I, rega-mus rege-ré-mus réx-eri-mus réx-issé-mus 
PLUR. { 2. rega-tis rege-ré-tis réx-eri-tis réx-issé-tis 
3. rega-nt rege-re-nt réx-eri-nt réx-isse-nt 
433. Passive 
I, rega-r rege-re-r réctus sim réctus essem 
SING. { 2. rega-ris(re) rege-ré-ris(re) réctussis réctus essés 
3. rega-tur rege-ré-tur réctus sit réctus esset 
I, rega-mur rege-1é-mur récti simus récti ess6mus 
PLUR. { 2. rega-mini rege-ré-mini récti sitis récti essétis 
3. rega-ntur rege-re-ntur récti sint récti essent 


Note vowel changes from the Present Indicative (68), and 
compare with the Future Indicative (128). 
Inflect as above, diicd, mittd, vincd. 


434. Examine the following : — 


1. Rémi légatds mittunt qui dicant, the Remi send ambassadors 
to say, that they may say (who shall or may say). 

2. Rémi légatds misérunt qui dicerent, she Remi sent ambassadors 
to say, that they might say (who should say). 


Observe that qui dicant and qui dicerent are equivalent respec- 
tively to ut dicant and ut dicerent, and that they express purpose. 


RuLE.— Clauses introduced by relatives and used to express pur- 
pose, have their verbs in the Subjunctive, and follow 
the general law for the sequence of tenses (410). 


166 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


435. VOCABULARY 
laqueus, i, m., 200s¢, snare. implico, are, avi, atus, entangle, 
nix, nivis, f., sow. enfold. 
tumultus, tis, m., sumulz. moror, ari, Atus sum, de/ay. 
vadum, I, n., ford. praemitts6, ere, misi, missus, sexd 
exsist, ere, stiti, —, spring forth, forward. 
appear. transe6, ire, Ivi (il), itus, cross over. 
436. EXERCISES 


I. 1. In monte aper mira magnitiidine erat. 2. Eurystheus 
Herculem misit qui aprum occideret. 3. Aper quem Herculés 
_cépit laqueis implicatus est. 4. Palus erat non magna inter 
nostrum atque hostium exercitum. 5. Caesar funditorés sagitta- 
ridsque praemisit, qui agmen hostium morarentur. 6. Ibi, vadis 
repertis, partem suodrum militum tradtcere conati sunt qui hostés 
vincerent. 7. Caesar certior factus ab legato, omnem equitatum, 
funditorés, sagittarids pontem traducit qui oppidum défendant. 
8. Hac ré statim per speculatorés cognita, Caesar exercitum castris 
continuit. 9. Prima luce confirmata ré ab exploratoribus omnem 
exercitum, qui agmen hostium intercliideret, praemisit. 10. Pri- 
mOs qui transierant equitatu circumventos interfecérunt. 


II. 1. Alarge wild boar appeared in the mountains. 2. Caesar 
sent the tenth legion to defend (which should defend) the camp. 
3. The lieutenant sent certain soldiers to cut down the bridge. 
4. The Remi sent ambassadors to say that they had not conspired 
against the Roman people. 5. The king had been called by 
the senate, a friend of the Roman people. 6. Some of the enemy 
had been sent to storm the fortress. 7. The lieutenant was in 
command of the town which they stormed. 


437. READING Lesson: Erymanthius Aper 

Exstitit in monte Erymanthio! aper mira magnitidine. Hunc 
capere Herculés iussus est ab rége; itaque statim profectus est. 
Per nivés dit insectitus aprum, tandem laqueis implicatum capere 
potuit et ad Eurystheum rettulit. 





1 Erymanthian (belonging to Erymanthus, a mountain range in Arcadia). 





THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 167 


438. Root es, de, exist. 





s-um (es + um), am in-s-um, ——? ab-s-entia, ——? 
inter-s-um, ——? sub-s-um, ? es-s-entia, ——? 
super-s-um, ——? _ab-s-éns, absent prae-s-entia, ——? 


Enc. Der. — Entity, essential, present, interest, absentee, quin- 
tessence. 


——-029400-——_ 


LESSON LXV 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, FOURTH CONJUGATION —CLAUSES 


OF RESULT 
439. Active 
PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT 
I, audia-m audi-re-m audiv-eri-m audiv-isse-m 
SING. { 2. audia-s audi-ré-s audiv-eri-s audiv-issé-s 
3. audia-t audi-re-t audiv-eri-t audiv-isse-t 
I. audia-mus audi-ré-mus audiv-eri-mus audiv-issé-mus 
PLUR. { 2. audia-tis audi-ré-tis audiv-eri-tis audiv-iss6é-tis 
3. audia-nt audi-re-nt audiv-eri-nt audiv-isse-nt 
440. Passive 
I. audia-r audi-re-r auditus sim auditus essem 
SING. { 2. audia-ris(re) audi-ré-ris(re) auditus sis auditus essés 
3. audia-tur audi-ré-tur auditus sit auditus esset 


2.audia-mini audi-ré-mini auditisitis auditi essétis 


I. audia-mur audi-ré-mur auditi simus auditiessémus 
PLUR. | 
3. audia-ntur audi-re-ntur auditi sint auditi essent 


441. Examine the following : — 


I. Plumen erat tam altum ut sine navibus transiri non posset, 
the river was so deep that tt could not be crossed without boats. 

2. Milités ita fortiter pugnavérunt ut oppidum expugnarent, ‘ie 
soldiers fought so bravely that they took the town. 

3. Non dubitd quin oppidum muniant, / do not doubt that they 
will fortify the town. 


168 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


4. Hum continére noOn potui quin castra muniret, / could not 
restrain him from fortifying the camp. 


Observe that the subordinate clauses above express result, that 
they take the Subjunctive, that they follow the law of sequence 
of tenses (410), that the affirmative particle is ut, the negative 
ut non. 

Observe that in 3 and 4 the Subjunctive is used after quin 
(qui non). 

Rues. — 1. In clauses of result the Subjunctive is used with ut 
affirmative, and ut non negative. 
2. After expressions of doubt, hindrance, and the like, 
the Subjunctive with quin is used. 


Note. — Clauses of result are very often introduced by ita, sus, so; talis, e, 
such; tantus, a, um, so great; tam, so. 


442. VOCABULARY 
Axona, ae, f., the Axona (Aisne). démonstr6, are, Avi, atus, point 
captivus, I, m., captive. out, show, 
hasta, ae, f., spear, lance. dubit6, are, avi, atus, dowd/, hesitate. 
insidiae, arum, f. pl., ewdush. fall6, ere, fefelli, falsus, deceive, 
navis, is, f., doat, ship. cheat. 
aggredior, i, gressus sum, aé/ack, populor, ari, Aatus sum, ravage. 
approach. quin, conj., but that, that, that not. 
443. EXERCISES 


I, 1. Hostés ita perterriti sunt ut statim arma traderent. 
2. Clamor erat tantus ut milites non vocem imperatoris audirent. 
3. Tempus erat tam breve ut castra non muniremus. 4. Caesar 
non dubitavit quin milités pontem interscinderent. 5. Dit atque 
acriter in eo loco pugnatum est, ut multi occiderentur. 6. Captivi 
ita fallebantur ut castra hostium demonstrarent. 7. Hostés tam 
celeriter contendérunt ut ad oppidum sub vesperum venirent. 
8. Ea re constituta, magno cum strepitu egressi castris fécerunt ut 
similis fugae profectio videretur. 9g. Hostés impeditos in flumine 
nostri aggressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt. 10. Tam 
acriter pugnatum est ab hostibus ut nostri itinere prohibérentur. 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 169 


II. 1. Caesar, fearing an ambush, kept his army and cavalry 
in camp. 2. The soldiers fought so fiercely that they took the 
town within three hours. 3. I do not doubt that Caesar will for- 
tify the camp. 4. I did not doubt that the centurion would hear 
the shout. 5. The river was so deep that they always used boats. 
6. The mountains were so high that the soldiers feared to 
cross. 7. They had had great hopes, but nevertheless they were 
deceived. 8. The snow was so deep that the soldiers came into 
winter quarters. 








444. READING LESSON 


Equités hostium cum nostris pro palude, quae erat inter nostrum 
atque hostium exercitum, contendérunt. Caesar cOpias suas in 
castra reduxit. Hostés statim ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam pro- 
peraverunt, quod’ esse post nostra castra démonstratum est. 
Partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt ut castellum, cui 
praeerat legatus, expugnarent pontemque interscinderent. Caesar 
omnes equités et funditores sagittariosque pontem tradiicit atque 
ad eos contendit. Ineo loco acriter pignatum est. Nostri hostés 
in flumine impeditos aggressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt. 





1 which, as has been shown, was behind our camp. 


170 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Consilio convocato, hosteés domum contendere et finés suds deé- 
fendere constituerunt. Ea ré cOnstittita, secunda vigilia’ magno 
cum tumultt castris €gressi sunt. Caesar, insidias veritus, cOpias 
suas castris continuit. Prima luce, omnes equités praemisit, qui 
magnum hostium numerum interfecerunt. 


445. Root ag, drive. 


ag-6, drive ag-i-t60, put in motion ag-i-ta-tis6, ——? 

ag-men, /ineof ag-ilis, agile c6g6 (con+ag6), drive 
army together | 

ac-tor, ——? ex-ig-uus, driven out, scanty  ex-ig-6, drive out 


Enc. DER: — Acre, act, agriculture, cogent, agent, cogitate, ache. 
—c0595 00 


LESSON LXVI 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN 
-i6 — RELATIVE CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC 


si PRESENT Active 
I. Capia-m IMPERFECT 
SING. 2. capia-s cape-re-m, etc. 
3. capiat PERFECT 
I. capia-mus cép-eri-m, etc. 
PLUR. | 2. capia-tis PLUPERFECT 
3. Capia-nt cép-isse-m, etc. 
Jel PRESENT Passive 
I. Capia-r IMPERFECT 
SING. 2. Capia-ris (re) cape-re-r, etc. 
3. Capia-tur PERFECT 
I. Capia-mur captus sim, etc. 
PLUR 2. capia-mini PLUPERFECT 
3. Capia-ntur captus essem, etc. 


Note resemblance to the Subjunctive of the Fourth Conjugation. 





1 in the second watch, 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 


448. Examine the following : — 


1. Hrant qui venirent, “here were some who came. 

2. Némod erat quin ptignaret, “here was no one who did not fight. 

3. Nemo est qui hoc non intellegat, “here is no one who does not 
know thts. 

4. Quis est qui nesciat? who is there that does not know ? 


Observe that the above sentences contain expressions of exist- 
ence and non-existence, and that the act of the verb is expressed 
as characteristic of the subject. 


Rue. — The Subjunctive is used, especially after expressions of 
existence and non-existence, and questions implying a 
negative answer, to express a characteristic or essential 
quality of the subject (Subjunctive of Characteristic). 


449. VOCABULARY 
Arcadia, ae, f., Arcadia. indignus, a, um, wzworthy. 
cervus, I, m., séag. nescio, scire, scivi, scitus, de zg- 
contumélia, ae, f., affront, insult. norant, not know. 
gloria, ae, f., glory. pando, ere, I, passus, spread out, 
indignitas, atis, f., ¢zdignity. extend, 
aéneus, a, um, of brass, brazen. — putt, are, Avi, Atus, chink. 
dignus, a, um, worthy. sequor, i, seciitus sum, /o/low. 
450. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Ném@ erat in Caesaris castris quin (qui non) libenter pro 
gloria ducis interficeretur. 2. Quis est qui eum sequi dubitet? 
3. In Arcadiam venit Hercules ut cervum aureis cornibus pedibus- 
que aéneis rediiceret. 4. Quis est qui contumelias indignitatésque 
facile patiatur? 5. Quis est quem amici sui non laudent? 6. Flumen 
transivit quo facilius hostés sequerétur. 7. Mulierés et pueri,’ 
passis manibus, ad Caesarem contendérunt ut ab eo condiciones 
pacis acciperent. 8. Neque erat is qui legatus ad exercitum mit- 





1 children. 


172 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


terétur. 9. Quis est qui amicis libenter iniutriam faciat? 10. Vir- 
gulam deécerpsit ut in aquam eam iniceret. 


II. 1. They say that a stag with brazen feet lives in Arcadia. 
2. There is no one who is bringing together 
all the forces of the enemy. 3. Hercules 
came into Arcadia in order to capture the 
stag of Diana. 4. They sent him to Rome 
to suffer all insults and indignities. 5. Who 
is there that will not kill the enemies of 
the Roman people? 6. Diana was angry 
because Hercules was leading away the 
stag. 7. There was no one in the army 
who did not follow willingly into the terri- 
tory of the enemy. 8. He went out of the 
city by night in order to flee into a safe 
place. 








451. READING Lesson: Cervus Dianae} 


Antiquitus vivebat in Arcadia cervus cornibus aureis pedibusque 
aeneis, Dianae sacer. Eurystheus Herculem iussit eum sequi, 
capere, ad se ducere. Dit secutus est cervum, capere autem non 
poterat. Denique sagittis vulneratum cepit et redticébat. In 
itinere vero Dianae ivit obviam,” quae erat irata quod cervus cap- 
tus est. Placata autem dictis Herculis permisit ut eum abduceret. 


452. Root ten, stretch, hold. 





ten-d6, stretch ten-a4x, —— ? ten-ui-ter, —— ? 
ten-e6, hold ten-ac-iter, firmly ten-ui-tas, ? 
ten-er, fender ten-ac-i-tas, ? ten-u-6, make thin 





Enc. Der. — Tend, tenant, tender, tennis, tenement, tense, tent, 
tentacle, tenure, contend, tension. 





1 Diana, goddess of the chase. 2 ivit obviam, mez. 


REVIEW OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 173 


LESSON LXVII 
REVIEW OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD —INDIRECT QUESTIONS 


453. Review carefully 400, 416-417, 424-425, 482-433, 439-440, 
446-447. 


454. Examine the following :— 


I. Quid dicis? what are you saying? Scid quid dicas, / know 
what you are saying. 

2. Quid dixisti? what did you say? Scid quid dixeris, / know 
what you said. 

3. Quid dixisti? what did you say? Scivi quid dicerés, / knew 
what you were saying. 

4. Quid dixisti? what have you said? Scivi quid dixissés, / 
knew what you had said. 

5. Ubiest? where is he? Scio ubi sit, / know where he ts. 

6. Unde vénit? whence has he come? Scivi unde vénisset, 7 
knew whence he had come. 


Observe that in each case the first sentence is introduced by an 
interrogative word and is independent, that the dependent clause 
of the second sentence in each case is introduced by the same 
interrogative word and contains the same substance as the first, 
although it has not the form of a question. 

The first is called a direct question, the second an indirect 
question. 


Rue. — The Subjunctive mood is used in indirect questions. 


Such questions may be introduced by interrogative pronouns, 
adjectives, and adverbs, and by the particles num and né. 
Review rules for sequence of tenses (410). 





<2 ca 


HASTA 





174 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


455. VOCABULARY 
ageger, eris, m., mound. vinea, ae, f., shed. 
altitaido, inis, f., Leight. claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, c/ose 
Bellovaci, Orum, m. pl., “re Bello- up; agmen claudere, bring up 

vact. the rear. 
Noviodiinum, i, n., Voviodunum. scid, ire, scivi, scitus, 4zow. 
opus, eris, n., work. unde, adv., whence. 

me nnd anc Cam CIN 
alelelelele|ele | 





viva (i 
| Hi il | 


VINEA 














456. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Scit unde véneris. 2. Scivit unde venirés. 3. Scit unde 
venias. 4. Scivit unde venissés. 5. Sciet unde véneris. 6. Alti- 
tudo montis tanta erat ut nemo ascendere conareétur. 7. Tanta 
erat celeritas operis ut Galli non vidérent quid agerétur. 8. Prop- 
ter celeritatem Romanorum altitudinemque aggeris hostés impetum 
ditius sustinére non poterant. 9. Caesar legionés ad Noviodu- 
num misit et ipse agmen clausit. 1o. Ad murum vineas agere 
coepit ut oppidum caperet. 11. Exercitum in finés Bellovacdrum 
misit, quo facilius eOs superare posset. 


II. 1. You know whence the slingers and archers are coming. 
2. We know who ravaged the towns of the enemy. 3. They will 
know why we are frightened. 4. You know who brought up the 
rear of Caesar’s army. 5. They pushed the sheds up to the wall 
in order that they might more easily* take the town. 6. You 
know why the height of the wall was so great. 7. So great was 





1 See 456, I, 11. 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 175 


the tumult in the camp that it disturbed the minds of all. 8. We 
know that Labienus is bringing up the rear of Caesar’s army. 


457. | READING LESSON 


Postridié @ius diei Caesar in finés Suessionum, qui proximi 
Reémis erant, exercitum duxit, et magno itinere confecto ad oppi- 
dum Noviodtnum contendit. Ibi castris mUnitis, vineas agere 
coepit. Magnitudine operum et celeritate ROmanorum permoti, 
legatos ad Caesarem dé deéditione misérunt. Caesar vero, obsidi- 
bus acceptis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in déditionem 
Suessionés accepit exercitumque in Bellovacds dixit, qui pacem 
ab Romanis petiérunt. 


458. Root cap, sake. 








cap-i-6, ‘ake cap-t6, take eagerly prae-cip-ué, especially 
cap-ax, ? cap-ta-tio, ? prin-cip-ium, deginning 
cap-ac-i-tas, ——? cap-ti-vus, ——? cap-ut, head 


Form compound verbs with con, dé, ex, per, re, and give mean- 
ings. Note change in root vowel in forming compounds. 


Enc. DER. — Capture, captive, iii sane reception, acceptable. 
Form other derivatives. 


—0794 00-——_ 


LESSON LXVIII 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, Fer6—CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, 


SIMPLE 
459. Active 
PRESENT — IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT 
1. fera-m fer-re-m tul-eri-m tul-isse-m 
SING. + 2. fera-s fer-ré-s tul-eri-s tul-issé-s 
3. fera-t fer-re-t tul-eri-t tul-isse-t 
( 1. fera-mus fer-ré-mus tul-eri-mus tul-issé-mus 
PLUR. { 2. ferad-tis fer-ré-tis tul-eri-tis tul-issé-tis 
3. fera-nt fer-re-nt tul-eri-nt tul-isse-nt 


176 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


460. Passive 

PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT 

1. fera-r fer-re-r latus sim latus essem 
SING 2. fera-ris (re) fer-ré-ris(re) 1latus sis latus essés 
3. fera-tur fer-ré-tur latus sit latus esset 

1. fera-mur fer-ré-mur 1ati simus 1ati essémus 
PLUR 2. fera-mini fer-ré-mini lati sitis lati essétis 
3. fera-ntur fer-re-ntur lati sint lati essent 


Inflect in the same way inferd, conferd, déferd, perferd. 


461. A conditional sentence consists of two clauses, a depend- 
ent and an independent. 
The dependent clause contains the condition, and is called the 
Protasis. 
The independent clause contains the conclusion, and is called 
the Apodosis. 
The protasis is generally introduced by si, z/, or one of its com- 
pounds. 
Simple conditions are found in present or past time. 
1. Present: Si venit, fidus est, 7/ he comes, he is faithful. 
2. Past: Si vénit, fidus fuit, 7/ he came, he was faithful. 


Observe that in 1 the Present Indicative is used in both clauses, 
in 2 the Perfect Indicative, and that in both nothing is implied as 
to the fulfillment of the condition. 


462. VOCABULARY 
aetas, atis, f., age. lav6, are, lavi, lautus or l6tus, 
amnis, is, m., ~7ver. wash ; pass., bathe, be washed. 
Nervii, Grum, m. pl., the Nervit, perag6, ere, gi, Actus, accomplish. 
stabulum, I, n., s¢ad/e. proicio, ere, iéci, iectus, Zur/ _for- 
tuba, ae, f., crumpet. ward, abandon. 
vinum, I, n., w7ve. relanguéscoG, ere, —,—, become weak. 
463. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Réx tria milia boum quondam habébat. 2. Horum 
stabula per triginta annos non erant lota. 3. Amnis per stabula 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 177 


conversus est, itaque ea facile lota sunt. 4. Si Herculés leOnem 
occidit, fortis est. 5. Hercules, si ea stabula lavit, magnum opus 
perégit. 6. Quod civitas erat magna 
inter Belgas auctoritate, sescentos ob- 
sidés poposcit. 7. His traditis omni- 
busque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo 
loco in finés Nerviorum contenderunt. 
8. Si mercatores Nervios adierunt, 
fortes fuerunt. 9. Nervii nihil vini in- 
ferri patiebantur quod his rebus animos suos relanguescere existi- 
mabant. 10. Romam venit ut amicis auxilium ferat. 11. Romam 
venisti ut amicis auxilium ferrés. 12. Nescio unde copia frumenti 
in urbem inferatur. 





TuBa 


II. 1. If the serpent bit the man, he died. 2. If Hercules 
caught the wild boar, he was brave. 3. If Hercules has his club 
and arrows, he is defending himself. 4. I do not know why the 
boys are bearing arms. 5. Some could not fight on account of 
age, others did not dare to fight. 6. I know whence you are 
bringing the swords and shields. 7. They sent us to bring a sup- 
ply of grain into the camp. 8. They accused the rest of the 
Belgians, because they had surrendered themselves to the Roman 
people. g. Would that you had not brought war upon our allies. 


464. ReapDInc Lesson: Stabula Augéae 


Herculés, postquam cervum cépit, difficilius opus facere iussus 
est. Augéas,’ réx Elidis, milia tria boum habébat, quorum stabula 
per triginta annds non erant lota. Herculés autem Augean adiit 
eique dixit: “Uno dié haec stabula lavabd. Visne mihi, hoc facto, 
decimam boum partem dare?” Respondit Augéas: “ Libenter 
dabo.” Tum Herculés, amne per stabula converso, opus facillime 
intra unum diem perégit. Augéas autem bovés dare nolebat, quod 
Eurystheus Herculem stabula lavare iusserat. Itaque Herculés 
regi bellum infert et eum atque Gius filids interfecit. 





1 Augéas, ae, m., Augeas, king of Elis. 
BEGIN. LAT. BK, — 12 


178 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


465. Root reg, stretch, guide. 


reg-6, rule reg-i0, region reg-alis, ——? 
réx (reg +8), king reg-Ina, queen reg-aliter, ——? 
rég-no, reign rég-num, ? réc-tor, ——? 





Enc. DEer.— Regal, rector, direct, correct, correction, incor- 
rigible. 


——09400-—_ 


LESSON LXIxX 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, E6—FUTURE CONDITIONS 


466. Active, ed 
PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT 
I. ea-m j-re-m iv-eri-m iv-isse-m 
SING. + 2. ea-8 j-ré-s iv-eri-s iv-issé-s 
3. ea-t i-re-t Iv-eri-t Iv-isse-t 
I. ea-mus j-ré-mus iv-eri-mus iv-issé-mus 
PLUR. { 2. ea-tis j-ré-tis iv-eri-tis iv-issé-tis 
3. ea-nt i-re-nt Iv-eri-nt iv-isse-nt 
467. Passive, aded 
I. adea-r adi-re-r aditus sim aditus essem 
SING. { 2. adea-ris (re) adi-ré-ris (re) aditus sis aditus essés 
3. adea-tur adi-ré-tur aditus sit aditus esset 
I. adea-mur adi-ré-mur aditi simus aditi essémus 
PLUR. { 2. adea-mini adi-ré-mini aditi sitis aditi essétis 
3. adea-ntur adi-re-ntur aditi sint aditi essent 


Inflect in both active and passive, transed and praetered 
(pass by). 


468. Future conditions are divided into two classes, more vivid 
and less vivid. 


More vivid or probable : 


1. Si veniet, laetus erd, if he comes (shall come), I shall be glad. 
2. Si vénerit, laetus erd, if he comes (shall have come), I shall be 
glad. 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 179 


Less vivid, or possible : 
1. Si veniat, laetus sim, 7/ he should come, I should be glad. 


2. Si vénerit, laetus sim, 7f he should come (should have come), 
I should be glad. 


1. Observe that in the more vivid future condition, the Future 
or Future Perfect Indicative is used in the protasis, and the Future 
Indicative in the apodosis, and that necessarily the condition is 
not yet fulfilled. . 

2. Observe that in the less vivid future condition, the Pres- 
ent or Perfect Subjunctive is used in the protasis, and the Present 
Subjunctive in the apodosis, and that necessarily the condition is 
not yet fulfilled. Note also that in the Latin in the future condi- 
tion there is greater precision in regard to time than in the English. 

3. The Future and Future Perfect Indicative are both trans- 
lated by the English Present, and the Present and Perfect Sub- 
junctive by our Potential, with should. 


Rutes.—1. The Future (or Future Perfect) Indicative is used 
in the protasis of more vivid future conditions, and 
the Future Indicative in the apodosis. 

2. The Present (or Perfect) Subjunctive is used in the 
protasis of less vivid future conditions, and the 
Present Subjunctive in the apodosis. 


469. VOCABULARY 
arbor, oris, f., vee. perspiciG, ere, spexi, spectus, see 
coOnsuetiids, inis, f., custom. through, perceive, observe. 
miuinimentum, I, n., defense. vergo, ere, —, zncline, slope. 
natira, ae, f., zature. aequaliter, adv., uszformly. 
saepés, is, f., Zedge. né ... quidem, adv. phr., ot even. 
testids, inis, f., roof of shields, tes- The emphatic word stands between 

tudo. né and quidem. 


tener, era, erum, “ender, young. 


470. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Caesar ex captivis cognovit quosdam ex Belgis nocte ad 
Nervids pervénisse. 2. Nervii, quo facilius finitimorum equita- 


180 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


tum prohibérent, dénsissimas saepes fecerant. 3. Hae saepés 
Nerviis munimentO magno erant, nam née perspici quidem pote- 
rant. 4. Collis ab summo aequaliter vergebat ad flumen. 5. Si 
| Romam ibis, multa et 
pulchra aedificia vide- 
bis. 6. Si Athénas eas, 
pulchram et  claram 
urbem videas. 7. Si 
Caesar equités praemit- 
tat, pontem transeant. 
8. Pontem fecit ut flu- 
men sine navibus tran- 
sirétur. 9. Si saepes 
faciant, finitimos pro- 
hibeant. 10. Si saepes facient, finitimos prohibebunt. 11. Si 
Caesar equités praemittet, magnum hostium numerum occident. 





TESTUDO 


II. 1. If he should go to Rome, he would live in a beautiful city. 
2. If he goes into Italy, he will see much wine and fertile fields. 
3. If you should cross the river, the enemy would not follow. 4. If 
they see the nature of the hill, they will choose it for a camp. 
5. If the enemy should cross the river and fight bravely, they 
would take the town by assault. 6. After these six legions, Caesar 
had placed the baggage of the whole army. 7. Two legions 
which had been enrolled last closed the line, and were a guard to 
the baggage. 8. They persuaded us to pass by the enemy’s camp, 
and go to the town. 


471. READING LESSON 


Caesar sese Bellovacos cOnservatirum esse dixit; et quod erat 
Civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate, séscentds obsidés poposcit. 
His traditis, omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab ed loco ad 
Nervids contendit. Quorum dé natura reperiébat: mercatorés ad 
sé adire non pati; nihil pati vini’ inferri, quod ea ré relanguéscere 





1 Part. Gen. depending on nihil. 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 181 


animOs su0s existimarent ; esse hominés feros magnaeque virtitis ;’ 
incusare reliquos Belgas qui se populo Romano dedidissent. 

Cum per eorum finés tridui iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis 
Sabim flimen 4 castris suis non amplius milia? passuum decem 
abesse; trans id flumen omnes Nervios consédisse atque ibi 
adventum Romanorum exspectare. 

Quidam ex Belgis nocte ad Nervids pervenerunt atque his 
démonstravérunt inter singulas legioneés magnum numerum impe- 
dimentorum intercédere. Itaque Nervii, cum prima legio in 
castra venisset, eam sub sarcinis adoriri constituerunt. Sed quod 
ad hostés appropinquabat Caesar sex legiones expeditas’* dtce- 
bat ; post eas omnia impedimenta conlocarat ;* inde duae legionés, 
quae proximeé cOnscriptae erant, agmen claudebant praesidioque 
impedimentis erant. 


472. Root i, go. 


e-6, go ad-i-tus, approach com-e-s, companion 
i-ter, journey ad-e-6, go /o or towards in-i-tium, deginning 


Enc. Der. — Exit, initial, itinerant, ambition, transit. 


——o}a400— 


LESSON LXX 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, Fi6—CONDITIONS CONTRARY 
TO FACT—WORD LIST 


473. Fis, used as passive of facio 
Princ. Parts, fid, fieri, factus sum 


SING. PLUR. 
1. fia-m fia-mus IMPERFECT  fie-re-m, fie-ré-s, etc. 
PRESENT { 2. fid-s fid-tis PERFECT factus sim, etc. 
3. fia-t fia-nt PLUPERFECT factus essem, etc. 





1 of great valor ; Gen. of quality. ? Acc. of extent of space; amplius 
does not influence the construction here :-20f more than ten miles. * unin- 
cumbered. 4 Contracted Pluperf: for conlocaverat. 


182 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


474. Examine the following : — 


1. Si pater mé timéret, ab Gius oculis concéderem, zf my father 
feared me, I should withdraw from his sight. 


This implies: My father does not fear me, I do nof¢ withdraw. 
The condition (protasis) is not fulfilled, the conclusion (apodosis) 
does not follow. 


2. Si pater mé timuisset, ab Gius oculis concédissem, 7f my 
father had feared me, I should have withdrawn from his 
sight. 


This implies: My father ad not fear me, I did not withdraw. 
The condition was not fulfilled, the conclusion did not follow. 


Observe carefully in the above that the condition in each case 
states what is not a fact, and that the conclusion’ does not 
follow. 

Observe that in both protasis and apodosis the verbs are in the 
Subjunctive, that in 1 they are both in the Imperfect, and express 
present time, and that in 2 they are both in the Pluperfect, and 
express past time. 


RuLE. — In conditions contrary to fact, the Imperfect and Plu- 
perfect Subjunctive are used in both protasis and 
apodosis, the Imperfect to express present time, and 
the Pluperfect to express past time. 


475. Examine the following :— 


1. Nisi id fieret, nn adessem, 7/ “his were not being done, I should 
not be here. It is being done, I am here. 

2. Nisi id factum esset, nOn adfuissem, if this had not been 
done, I should not have been here. It did take place, I was 
here. 


Observe that the same points are true of these two sentences 
as of those in 474, except that the statements of the protases and 
apodoses are in the negative form. 

Note also that the same rule holds. 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 183 


476. 3 VOCABULARY 
avis, is, f., dird. strepitus, tis, m., ose, din. 
pater, tris, m., father. arbitror, ari, dtus sum, sink, sup- 
penna, ae, f., feather, wing. pose. 
ratio, Snis, f., Alan. exterre6, Gre, ul, itus, frighten forth. 
rostrum, I, n., deck. incito, are, Avi, atus, urge on, incite. 
sistrum, I, n., clapper, ratéle. volo, are, avi, atus, 7y. 

477. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Avés nisi pennas habérent volare nOn possent. 2. Aves, 
nisi ab Hercule exterritae essent, nOn essent interfectae. 3. Si 
Caesar aliam proeli rationem ceépisset, celeriter omnes hostés 
vicisset. 4. Nisi magnus strepitus factus esset, avés non essent 
perterritae. 5. Siconsul fias, omnes hostés vincas. 6. Si impera- 
tor factus essés, omnes hostés vicisses. 7. Nunquam aves vidimus 
quibus erant rostra aenea. 8. Si magnum strepitum sistro aeneo 
fécisset, omnés aves terruisset. 9. Si equum incitavisset, celeriter 
ad castra pervénisset. 10. Arbitratus est, his victis, sé exercitum 
in finés Aeduorum ducere posse. 


II. 1. If I had seen birds with brazen feathers, beaks, and feet, 
I should have killed them with my arrows. 2. If I had not urged 
on my horse, I should not have arrived at the city. 3. If you had 
not become consul, you would not have led the army into the 
enemy’s territory. 4. If a new plan of battle were made, we 
should conquer the enemy. 5. If the birds had not flown out 
of the marsh, they would not have been killed. 6. If he should 
become king, he would enroll many legions in Italy. 7. The 
legions which had been most recently enrolled fought bravely. 
8. They ran down with incredible speed to the river in order that 
they might contend there with the enemy. 


478. ReapInG Lesson: Aves Stymphaliae* 


Eurystheus Herculem iussit interficere avés quae, pedibus et 
rostris et pennis aéneis,? ad Stymphalum in lacu vivebant. Eae 





1 The Stymphalian birds. 2 Abl. of quality. 


184 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


aves vero pennis pro sagittis utébantur, et, hominibus interfectis, 
eorum carne’ vesceébantur. Herculés autem strepitum magnum 
sistro aeneo f€cit, quo exterritae avés provolaverunt et ab Hercule 
interfectae sunt. 





= 
HERCULES AND THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS 


479. Root luc, shine. 


liic-e-6, shine liic-us, sacred grove (the ltis-tr6, Aight up 
lax (luc + 8s), “ight shining place) in-lis-tris, ——? 
lai-men (luc + men), ight lii-na (luc+na), moon  Iltc-idus, ——? 


Enc. Der. — Luster, illustrious, illumine, lucid, lunatic. 


480. WORD LIST XI 
aéneus cervus **indignitas penna *stabulum 
*aequaliter *claudd **indignus *perago strepitus 
aetas *agmen claud6 _sinsidiae *perspicio *talis 
agger *conferd laqueus *populor tener 
*ageredior *cdnsuetiidd lavo *prdicio testiidd 
*altitiids contumélia — moror *proximé *transed 
amnis dém6nstr6 *minimentum **quin tuba 
arbitror **dignus *navis ratio *tumultus 
arbor *exsistO *#né ... quidem relanguéscO *unde 
Arcadia *exterred **nescid rostrum vadum 
*avis *fallo nix saepes vergo 
Axona gloria Noviodinum **scid **vinea 
Bellovaci hasta opus *sequor **yinum 
*captivus *implicd pando sistrum *yold 
incitd *pater 





1 from car6, carnis, fesh, Abl. with vescébantur. See 316. 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 185 


LESSON LXXI 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, Vol6 AND ITS COMPOUNDS— 
NOUN AND ADJECTIVE REVIEW 


481. Volo No15 Malo 
PRESENT Poin PRESENT Siiguce PRESENT Ligeia 
SING. : SING. * SING. 3 
I. veli-m  velle-m noli-m nodlle-m mali-m mialle-m 
2. veli-s  vellé-s, etc. ndli-s nollé-s, etc. mAli-s mallé-s, etc. 
3. veli-t noli-t méali-t 
PLUR. PERF. PLUR. PERF, PLUR. PERF, 
I. veli-mus volu-eri-m ndli-mus n6dlu-eri-m mali-mus m4lu-eri-m 
etc. . etc. etc. 
2. veli-tis PLUuP. noli-tis PLuP. mali-tis PLup. 
3. veli-nt volu-isse-m ndli-nt ndlu-isse-m mali-nt m§alu-isse-m 
etc. etc. etc. 


Observe that the irregularities appear in the Present tense only. 


482. Review carefully nouns and adjectives of the First and 
Second Declensions. 


483. VOCABULARY 
condici6, Snis, f., condition, terms. prdvol6, are, Avi, atus, fy forth, 
memoria, ae, f., memory. rush forth. 
rés militaris, rel militaris, f.,#z/i- recipio, ere, cépi, ceptus, sake 
tary affairs. back. 
adversus, a, um, offosite, adverse. sé recipere, detake oneself, draw back, 
adverso colle, wphz//. retreat, 
pristinus, a, um, former. transgredior, gredi, gressus sum, 
cohortor, ari, atus sum, excourage. cross over. 
pell6, ere, pepuli, pulsus, drive, deinde, adv., thereupon. 
beat. identidem, adv., repeatedly. 
484. _ EXERCISES 


I. 1. Caesaris ratio rei militaris nOn erat eadem quae’ hostium. 
2. Multi milites adverso colle ad castra nostra sé receperunt. 





1 the same as that. 


186. THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


3. Si dux milités cohortari voluisset, fortiter tisque ad vesperum 
pugnavissent. 4. Si flumen transgredi nolis, te ibi exspectem. 
5- Si vero transgredi malis, te sequar et tecum oppida hostium 
oppugnem. 6. Primum ad silvas identidem sé recepérunt, deinde 
omnibus copiis provolavérunt impetumque in hosteés fecérunt. 
7- His pulsis, sagittarios funditoreésque ad ripam fluminis misérunt 
ut ibi cum hostibus contenderent. 8. Longa OratioOne milités 
monuit ut memoriam virtutis pristinae retinerent. 


II. 1. He advises us to be willing to fight for our leader. 2. If 
you were willing to retain the memory of your former valor, you 
could’ conquer all your enemies. 3. If I could make terms of 
peace, I should prefer not to fight. 4. If they should be unwill- 
ing to hasten uphill to our camp, they would not bring aid to us 
before the battle. 5. We drove the enemy from the city lest they 
should wish to make an attack upon our friends. 6. They knew 
what we wished. 7. If we had preferred to fight, we might have 
taken the town. 8. If I had been — to go to Italy, I might 
have seen you in Rome.? 


485. READING LESSON 


Equités nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen trans- 
gressi cum hostium equitatt proelium commisérunt, qui identidem 
sé in silvas ad suds receperunt. Deinde subito omnibus copiis 
provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites tecérunt. His facile 
pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen deécucurreé- 
runt. Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra 
atque eOs qui in opere occupati erant contendeérunt. Caesar 
milités non longiore oratione cohortatus quam ut suae pristinae 
virtitis memoriam retinérent proelium commisit. Instriicto exer- 
citi. magis ut® loci nattira, quam ut rei militaris ordo postulabat, 
fortiinae €ventis varii sequebantur. 





1 Use proper form of possum. 
* 2 Rémae. 
3 ut, as. When used with the Indicative ut means as or when. 


Cum CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE 187 


486. Root mu, mov, move. 








mov-e-6, move mo-tus, a2 moving m6-bilitas, ? 
m6-tio, ——? ; mo-x, soon mu-t6, move, change 
m6-tor, ——? m6-bilis, movable mu-ta-tid, ? 
m6-mentum, weight mo-llis, easily moved pro-mo-ve6, ——? 


Enc. Der. — Motion, movable, mobile, motor, moment, motive, 
mob. 


—05g4 00———. 


LESSON LXXII 


Cum CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE—NOUN AND ADJECTIVE 
REVIEW 


487. Examine the following : — 


1. Cum nobis navés non essent, transire non poteramus, since we 
did not have boats, we could not cross. 

2. Cum nobis navés essent, tamen non transivimus, a/though we 
had boats, yet we did not cross. 


Observe that in 1 cum is causal — szmce ; that in 2 cum is con- 
cessive — although. 


RuLE. —Cum causal and concessive is followed by the Subjunctive. 


488. Make a careful review of consonant stems, nouns, and 
adjectives of the Third Declension (581, 583, 591, 592). 


489. VOCABULARY 
Créta, ae, f., Creze. : corrump6, ere, ripi, ruptus, d- 
forma,.ae, f., form. ; Stroy. 
speciés, 61, f., appearance, beauty. éd6, ere, didi, ditus, put forth, 
decumanus, a, um, decuman, rear. make, cause. 
iratus, a, um, angry, enraged. resisto, ere, stiti, —, resist, oppose. 


compellé, ere, puli, pulsus, compe/, rirsus, adv., again. 
drive together, drive. ’ tamen, adv., s¢i//, yet, nevertheless. 


188 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


490. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Cum bos mira specié esset, rex eum non sacrificavit. 
2. Cum rex sacrificare bovem iussus esset, tamén pulchrum ani- 
mal trucidare nolebat. 3. Cum nostri hostibus fortiter resisterent, 
tamen ad flimen compellébantur. 4. Cum bos in furdrem actus 
esset, multa et pulchra opera corrumpébat. 5. Hic bos magnam 
calamitatem edebat, nam in furOrem Actus erat. 6. Rex, cum 
iratus esset, tamen captivOs non interfecit. 7. Nostri transire 
non dubitaverunt et rirsus resistentés hostés in fugam dédérunt. 
8. Omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine ad eum locum contende- 
runt. 9. Ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros vi- 
ctorés flimen transisse perspexerant. 10. Cum bos in furorem 
actus esset, tamen hunc capere constituit. 11. Cum acriter pu- 
gnatum esset, tamen némo hostem aversum videre potuit. 


II. 1. Since the island is large and beautiful, we will visit it. 
2. Although our men fought bravely, still they could not drive the 
enemy from that place. 3. Although the bull was 
large and fierce, still Hercules dared to undertake 
the work. 4. Since Caesar had encouraged the 
soldiers, they fought much more fiercely. 5. The 
bull was of such a beautiful form that the king 
did not wish to sacrifice him. 6. Although we 
were not at Rome, we saw many beautiful cities 
on our journey. 7. Since life is short, let us 
enjoy the beautiful things which we see every day. 
8. Hercules had been ordered to seize the bull of 
Crete,’ because it was causing a great calamity on the islané. 





SisTRUM 


491. READING Lesson: Bos Creticus 


Hercules, postquam aves Stymphalias sistrO aéneo exterruit et 
alias sagittis interfécit, ad Eurystheum revertit. Tum Eurystheus 
ad sé Herculem advocans eum capere bovem in insula Creta iussit. 


“_ 





1 b6s Créticus. 


TEMPORAL CLAUSES 189 


Bovem mirae magnitudinis et eximiae formae é mari émisit Posei- 
don.’ Hunce sacrificare Minos,’ Cretae réx, iussus erat. Captus? 
autem bovis specié alium éius vice* sacrificavit. Poseiddn vero 
iratus bovem in furorem égit. ‘Tum bos per totam insulam 
magnam hominum stragem’ edébat, et opera agrestia ® corrumpé- 
bat. Hunc tandem captum Herculés trans mare ad Eurystheum 
portavit. 


492. Root iug, join, yoke. 








iu(n)g-6, join iug-ulum, collar bone con-iii-ro, ? 
iug-um, yoke iti-dex, judge iti-mentum, yoke-animal 
iti-s, right iu-be6, order iti-s-titia, ? 


Enc. Der. — Judge, jury, junction, conjugate, just, conjunction, 
joint, jugular, subjugate. 


—-0 594 co 


LESSON LXXIII 


TEMPORAL CLAUSES — Cum TEMPORAL— NOUN AND 
ADJECTIVE REVIEW 


493. Examine the following : -—— 


. Postquam Caesar pervénit, pontem fieri iussit, a/fer Caesar 
had arrived, he ordered a bridge to be made. 

2. Ubi Caesar pervenit, suas copias in castra reduxit, when 
Caesar arrived, he led his forces back into camp. 

3. Simul ac hostés id intellextrunt, fuga salutem petiérunt, as 
soon as the enemy perceived this, they sought safety in flight. 

4. Ut Caesar pervénit, milités castra mtnire coepérunt, when 

Caesar arrived, the soldiers began to fortify the camp. 


~ 


Observe that postquam, ubi, simul ac, and ut denote time, and 
are followed by the Perfect Indicative. 





1 Poseidon or Neptune (god of the sea). 2 Minos. 3 charmed. 
4 in tts stead. 5 destruction. 6 of the field. 


‘ 


190 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


494. Examine the following : — 

1. Cum per eorum finés iter fécisset, inveniébat ex captivis . . ., 
when he had marched through their territory, he found out 
rom the captives . 

2, Nam tum, cum ex urbe Catilinam Giciébam .. ., for at that 

time when I was hurling Catiline from the city .. .. 


Observe that in 1 cum is used with the Subjunctive, and in 2 
with the Indicative. 

Rutes.— 1. The particles postquam, ubi, simul atque (simul ac 
or simul), take the Indicative, usually the Perfect. 
2. Cum temporal is used with the Subjunctive when the 
circumstance or action depends upon another, or 
when the time is described. It is used with the 
Indicative when the time is made emphatic or 

defined. 


NotTE. — In narration cum temporal is almost always used with the Imper- 
fect or Pluperfect Subjunctive. 


495. Make a careful review of vowel stems, — nouns and adjec- 
tives, 579, 580, 582, 584-590. 


496. VOCABULARY 
c4l6, Onis, m., soldier’s servant, camp praeceps, Cipitis, eadlong. 
follower. singularis, e, peculiar, remarkable. 
consénsus, tis, m., consent, agree- mando, are, avi, atus, give over, 
ment. intrust. 
Tréveri, Grum, m. f/., tle Treveri. redig6, ere, égi, actus, drive back, 
turpitid6, inis, f., disgrace. reduce, render. 
497. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Eodem tempore equités nostri, cum sé in castra recipe- 
rent, hostibus perspectis, risus aliam in partem fugam petébant. 
2. Calonés quoque, cum hostés in nostris castris versari vidissent, 
praecipites fugae sese mandabant. 3. Qui’ cum ex equitum et 





1 when these. 


TEMPORAL CLAUSES I9I 


calonum fuga quanto in periculo et legionés et imperator versa- 
rentur, cognOvissent, summa celeritate trans flamen contendérunt. 
4. Dixérunt sese ad quingentos, qui arma ferre possent, redactds 
esse. 5. Ubi proelium renovatum est, equités fortiter ptignave- 
runt ut turpitidinem fugae virtute delerent. 6. Simul ac prima 
impedimenta nostri exercitus ab hostibus visa sunt, impetum in 
nostros fécerunt. 7. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equités Tre- 
veri, cum calonés, equités, funditorés in omnés partes fugere 
vidissent, domum contendérunt. 


II. 1x. As soon as Caesar found out in what place the enemy 
were, he hastened toward them. 2. When Labienus had seen 
that the seventh legion was being overcome by the enemy, he 
sent the tenth legion as an aidtoourmen. 3. After Caesar came, 
he began to encourage the soldiers. 4. When Caesar was in Gaul, 
frequent letters were brought to him. 5. When he had led his 
troops out from the camp, he drew up a triple line of battle. 
6. When this had been announced to Caesar, he hastened to set 
out from the city. 7. If the town should be taken, they would 
surrender their arms. 8. As soon as they saw that the tower was 
being moved, they sought safety in flight. 


498. READING LESSON 


Legionis nonae et decimae milités, qui in sinistra parte aciéi 
instrticti erant, hostés ex locd superidre compulérunt et multds 
edrum interfecérunt. Item alia in parte diversae ' duae legionés 
in ipsis fluminis ripis contendébant. Nervii autem confertissimo 
agmine ad castra nostra contendérunt. Eodem tempore equités 
nostri, qui primo impetu hostium pulsi erant, rursus aliam in 
partem fuga salutem petebant. 

Caesar, cum suds urgeéri’ vidéret, in primam aciem processit et 
milités cohortatus est. Eius adventti milités acrius fortiusque 
pugnare coepérunt, et proelium rursus audacius renovatum est. 





1 different. he Ya a 2 to be hard pressed, 


192 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Interea milites duarum legionum, quae praesidio impedimentis 
fuerant, in summo colle ab hostibus perspiciebantur, et T. 
Labienus qui ex loco superidre quae gere- 
rentur vidit, decimam legionem nostris mi- 
sit. Huius legionis adventi nostri ita 
fortiter pugnare coeperunt ut hostés brevi 
tempore pellerentur. 

Hoc proelio facto et prope ad interne- 
cionem’ gente Nervidrum redacta, om- 
nium qui supererant cOnsensu, legatos ad 
Caesarem misérunt. Quos Caesar in dé- 
ditionem accepit et finitimos ab iniuria 
maleficioque prohibuit. 





499. Root ped, “read. 


pés, foot im-ped-io, extangle ped-es-ter, 07 foot 
ped-és, foot soldier ex-ped-io, ? im-ped-i-mentum, ——? 





Enc. DER. — Pedal, pedestal, pedestrian, biped, impede. 


0400 


LESSON LXXIV 


THE IMPERATIVE MOOD—REGULAR VERBS—NOUN REVIEW 


500. Active 
‘First Cony. SECOND THIRD THIRDIN-i6 FOURTH 
PRES. SING. 2. voca moné rege cape audi 
PLUR. 2. voca-te moné-te regi-te capi-te audi-te 


Fut. SING. 2. voca-t6 moné-t6  regit6 capi-td audi-t6 
3. voca-t6 moné-tO6  regi-t6  capi-td audi-to 

PLUR. 2. voca-t6te moné-tdte regi-t6te capi-t6te audi-tote 

3. voca-nt6 mone-nt6 regu-nt6 capiu-nt6 audiu-nto 





1 annihilation. 


THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 193 


501. Passive 
First Cony. SECOND THIRD THIRD IN-i6 FOURTH 
PRES. SING, 2. voca-re moné-re rege-re cape-re audi-re 


PLuR. 2. voca-mini moné-mini regi-mini capi-mini audi-mini 
FuT. SING. 2. voca-tor moné-tor regi-tor capi-tor audi-tor 
3. voca-tor moné-tor regi-tor capi-tor audi-tor 
PLUR. 2. —— a _— sae wa 
3. voca-ntor mone-ntor regu-ntor capiu-ntor audiu-ntor 


Make out and commit to memory a table of the Imperative 
endings, both active and passive. Observe carefully in the above 
paradigms the part to which the endings are joined, and note 
that this part is precisely the same in both voices. 

Inflect in the Imperative laudd, terred, agd, dicd,’ dtico,’ 
venio. 


502. Make a careful review of noun forms of the Fourth and 
Fifth Declensions, 584, 585. 


503. The Imperative is used to express an exhortation, en- 
treaty, or command, but the Subjunctive is often used in its place. 


504. Examine the following :— 


1. Munite oppidum, fortify the town. 

2. Meds liberds vobis permittam ; eds conservatote, / shall in- 
trust my children to you; do you guard them carefully. 

3. Né miniveritis oppidum, do not fortify the town. 

4. Nolite® mtnire oppidum, do not fortify the town. 


Observe that the Present Imperative is used in commands, 
unless, as in 2, distinct reference is made to future time ; that, as 
in 3, né with the second person of the Perfect Subjunctive, or, as 
in 4, the Present Imperative of nd16 with the Infinitive, is used to 
express a prohibition. 





1 The second singular Present Imperative of dicG is dic, of diic6 is diic, 
of facio is fac. 
2 NOlite, de wnwilling, second person plural of the Present Imperative of 
nolo. 
BEGIN. LAT. BK.— 13 


194 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


RuLes.— 1. The Present Imperative is used in commands and 
entreaties, but the Future Imperative is used 
when distinct reference is made to future time. 

2. In prohibitions, né with the Perfect Subjunctive, or 
noli (ndlite) with the Infinitive, is used. 


505. VOCABULARY 
equa,! ae, f., mare. iaciG, ere, iéci, iactus, zhrow, hurl. 
interneci6, Gnis, f., destruction, an- mansuéfacio, ere, féci, factus, 
_ nthilation. tame. 
incolumis, e, safe, unhurt. pasco, ere, pavi, pastus, feed. 
inermis, e, unarmed. permitt6, ere, misi, missus, 77- 
aufer6, ferre, abstuli, ablatus, trust, permit. 

carry off or away. clam, adv., secretly. 

506. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Pasce, mi fili, meas equas. 2. Permittite liberds in- 
columés vestris amicis. 3. Aufer*® equas feras ad agricolas ut eas 
mansuéfaciant. 4. Dimittamus legatos in civitatés finitimas. 
5. Redige hos inermés paene ad internecionem. 6. Contende 
cum hostibus, Labiene, et tuds amicds défende. 7. Dic mihi 
quid in animo tibi sit, quo facilius me defendere possim. 8. Neé 
permiseris nostrds hostés incolumés domum ire. 9. Agmen 
claude et cum omnibus copiis ducem in hostés sequere. 10. Te- 
studine facta, ad murum properate. 


II. 1. Lead the soldiers secretly into the territories of the 
enemy, in order that they may fortify a camp there. 2. Let us 
not intrust our children to the hands of our enemies. 3. We 
shall intrust the town to you; do you defend it with great care. 
4. Let us defend our baggage. 5. Hasten to the top of the 
mountain in order to bear aid to Labienus. 6. Lead the mares 
into the field, my son, and feed them there. 7. Let us not re- 





1 Dative and Ablative plural, equabus. 
2 Present Imperative second singular. 


THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 195 


duce these unarmed men to destruction. 8. Do not abandon! 
the hope of safety, but fight bravely until evening. 


507. READING Lesson: Lguae Diomedis* 


Opus Herculis octavum erat equas Diomedis, regis Bistonum,® 
ad Eurystheum diicere. Hae equae, carne* hominum pastae, 
maximé ferae erant; Herculés autem ‘eas cepit, clam abstulit, ad 
mare dixit. Bistonés secuti eum adorti sunt. Dit et acriter 
pugnatum est. Tandem, rége eorum interfecto, Hercules Bi- 
stonés.vicit. Corpus régis mortui equabus’ iécit, quae, sui 
domini carne pastae, statim mansuéfactae sunt. Tum demum 
Herculés incolumis ad Eurystheum cum equabus revertit. 


508. Root cla, ca//. 


cla-m-6, call, cry out cla-rus, famous cla-ssis, feet 
cla-m-or, ? prae-cla-rus, ? con-cla-m6, ———? 








Enc. Der. — Clamor, claim, exclaim, class, classical, calendar. 
——0.0;9400-— 


LESSON LXXV 


THE IMPERATIVE MOOD, IRREGULAR VERBS—NOUN RE- 
VIEW COMPLETED 


509. Ferd Nols Eo Sum Fido 
Act. Pass. 
Pres. SING. 2. fer fer-re noli i es fi 
PuLuR. 2. fer-te feri-mini ndli-te i-te es-te __fi-te 
FuT. SING. 2. fer-t6 fer-tor noli-t6 i-td es-to = fi-td 
3. fer-to fer-tor noli-to i-to es-to fi-to ,_.— 
PLuR. 2. fer-t6te —— noli-tote i-tote es-tote fi-tote 
3. feru-nt6 feru-ntor n6lu-nt6 eu-ntd su-ntd fiu-ntd 





1 dépdnod. 2 Diomedes. 8 The Bistones, a people of Thrace. 
* Having been fed upon the flesh. 5 See 505, n. 1. 


196 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


How does the inflection of these irregular verbs differ from that 
of the regular verbs ? ' 
Review carefully 500. 


510. Make a careful review of the rules for gender, 25, 28, 51, 
132, 170, 174, 213. 


511. In the following list of words state in tabular form in each ~ 
case the declension, gender, Genitive singular and plural. 


aciés castra flimen locus pons 

adventus centurid gener liix Rhénus 

aestas cohors genus méns sciitum 

agger copia homo miles soror 

agmen diés honor mons tempus 

agricola dolus ignis mulier vectigal 

bellum domus iter multitiids vir 

bos exercitus lacus ordo virtiis 

caput finis légatio paliis vis 
512. VOCABULARY * 

ancora, ae, f., anchor. vict6ria, ae, f., victory. 

currus, tis, m., chariot, car. apertus, a, um, ofen. 

patria, ae, f., country. recéns, entis, recent. 

praemium, i, n., ~eward. repentinus, a, um, sudden. 

rémus, I, m., oar. administr6, are, avi, atus, execute, 

véxillum, I, n., danner. manage. 


6rn6, are, avi, atus, equip. 





513. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Ferte militibus pro victoria recenti multa. et magna 
praemia. 2. Nolite patriae vestrae bellum inferre. 3. Naves 


_ THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 197 


omnibus rébus celeriter Ornantur. 4. Este fortes in periculo re- 
pentino. 5. Administra bene rem militarem. 6. Eicite, nautae. 
ancoras ex navibus et exspectate fortiter hostés. 7. Ite fortiter 
in proelium et vexilla ferte in hostés. 8. Curru per milités vehi- 
tur et eis dicit: “ Pro patria fortiter pugnate, et, si necesse erit, 
morimini.” g. Sunto fortés proelio, domi fidi et boni. 10, Fito 
consul, si poteris, et bene omnia administrato. 11. Per loca 
aperta ite ad ripas fluminis ibique castra munite. 





* CurRus 


II. 1. Do not cast the anchor from the boat, but sail swiftly 
to Delos. 2. Fight bravely for your country, soldiers, in order 
that you may bear off the rewards of victory. 3. Equip your 
boats with oars, for it is necessary to go to Italy. 4. Bear 
your standards against the enemy with the glad hope of victory. 
5. Drive your chariot through the open places in order that you 
may not be alarmed by any sudden danger. 6. Become wiser’ 
every day. 7. Let the soldiers be always brave and faithful. 
8. Let the standards be borne by the bravest soldiers, for the fight 
will be long and fierce. 





1 sapientior. 


198 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON LXXVI 


THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE— SOME WAYS OF EXPRESS- 
ING PURPOSE 


514. The Gerund is a verbal noun governing the same case as 
its verb, and having the meaning of the English verbal in -zzg. 
(Distinguish the English present participle from this verbal.) 


515. The Gerund is found only in the oblique cases of the 
singular. 
1. Bellandi causa,’ for the purpose of waging war. 
2. Consilium parcendi * victis, a plan for sparing the conquered. 
oe, ! 

FIRST SECOND THIRD * THIRD IN -i6 FOURTH 

G. voca-ndi mone-ndi rege-ndi capie-ndi audie-ndi 
D. voca-ndG6 mone-nd6- rege-nd6’- capie-nd6 audie-nd6 
Ac. voca-ndum mone-ndum rege-ndum capie-ndum audie-ndum 
Ab. voca-nd6 mone-nd6’- rege-nd6 - capie-ndo audie-nd6 

1. Observe carefully the law of formation of the Gerund from 
the verb stem, and note that, in the Fourth Conjugation and in 
verbs in -id of the Third, the verb stem is increased by the addition 
of e before the case endings. 


517. Examine the following : — 


1. Magister docet artem legendi, the master teaches the art of 
reading. 
Hi libri idGnei sunt legendo, these books are suitable for reading. 
3. Magister mihi dat libros ad legendum, she master gives me 
books to read (for reading). 
4. Magister fit sapiéns legend6, the master becomes wise by reading. 


N 


Observe in the above examples the use of the Gerund, governed 





1 In this construction causa always follows the Gerund. 
2 Note that parcendi governs the Dative. . 


THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 199 


as a noun would be in the four oblique cases by artem, idGnei, ad, 
and fit, respectively. 


Rue. — The Gerund, as a noun, has the construction of other 
nouns, and, as a verb, retains its power of governing 
an object. 


518. Examine the following : — 
1. Nilla erat spés 


a. pacem confirmandi (Gerund). There was no hope of 
6. pacis cOnfirmandae (Gerundive),. establishing peace. 

2. Tempus erat idGneum 
a. pacem confirmands (Gerund), rare. The time was suitable 
6. paci c6nfirmandae (Gerundive). for establishing peace. 


3. Misit légatos 
a.ad pacem confirmandum (Gerund), rare.) He sent ambassadors to 
6,ad pacem confirmandam (Gerundive). establish peace. 
4. Consilia fécit 
_ @. d& pacem cGnfirmand6 (Gerund), rare. | He made plans for es- 
6, dé pace cOnfirmands (Gerundive). tablishing peace. 


519. 1. Observe carefully the differences between @ and @ in 
each of the above. Note also that the Gerund and Gerundive 
are translated precisely alike. | 

2. Observe that the Gerundive is used as an adjective in agree- 
ment with a noun which takes the case the Gerund would have had 
if used. 

3. Observe that in the Genitive case either of the above con- 
structions may be used, but that in the other cases the Gerundive 
is much preferred. 

4. Observe that both Gerund and Gerundive are used to 
express purpose. 


RuLE. — The Gerundive is used by preference instead of the 
Gerund when the latter would, if used, take a direct 
object. This object is then-put into the case in which 
the Gerund, if used, would have been, and the Gerun- 
dive agrees with it in gender, number, and case. 


200 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


520. VOCABULARY 
misericordia, ae, f., compassion. appropinquo, are, avi, atus, a- 
multitids, inis, f., multitude, num- proach. 

ber. ° bello, are, avi, atus, wage war. 
studium, I, n., zeal, desire. lego, ere, légi, léctus, collect, read. 
sapiéns, entis, wise. patefacio, ere, féci, factus, Jay 
supplex, icis, supplant. open. 


égregié, adv., excellently. 


521. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Omnibus militibus erat magnum bellandi studium. 2. Spés 
magna oppidi potiundi exercitui iniecta est. 3. Labiénus suds in 
locum omnibus rebus idOneum pugnando duxit. 4. Hic cele- 
riter hostés contendérunt ut quam minimum’ spati ad sé conli- 
gendos armandosque Romanis relinqueretur. 5. Spes erat legato 
regni occupandi. 6. Ad eas res conficiendas annum satis esse 
arbitratus est. 7. Agricolas in agros misit ad frumentum confe- 
rendum. 8. Portis patefactis, Caesari sé dedideérunt, qui condi- 
ciOnem pacis accepit. g. Misericordia item in eOs iusus est. 
10. In locum natura e€gregié munitum omnes copias contuleérunt, 
ut maxima cum multitudine hostium bellare possent. 11. Suppli- 
cés, passis manibus, sé Caesari” ad pedés proiécérunt. 


II. 1. Caesar had a great desire for waging war. 2. They 
went into Gaul for the purpose of bringing together supplies. 
3. A great number of wise men came to Caesar, and, with 
extended hands, begged for peace. 4. These books are not 
suitable for reading. 5. Their hope of approaching the town was 
great. 6. He used compassion toward the multitude, for they 
came to him as suppliants. 7. The camp was excellently fortified, 
but there were not many men ready to defend it. 8. When the 
gates are opened, we will go into the city. 9. He led out his 
soldiers to defend himself. 10. Caesar sent a lieutenant to 
accomplish all these things. 





1 as little space as possible. 2 at Caesar’s feet. 


THE SUPINE 201 


522. READING LESSON 


Aduatuci autem, qui omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis vénerant, 
hac pugna nuntiata, ex itinere domum revertérunt, suaque omnia 
in Unum oppidum égregié natura munitum contulerunt. Id nostri, 
vineis actis turrique exstructa, oppugnare coeperunt. Ubi vero tur- 
rim moveri et appropinquare moenibus viderunt, legatos ad Caesa- 
rem dé pace miserunt. His Caesar respondit: se condicionem 
déditionis nullam accepturum esse, nisi armis traditis. Re nun- 
tiata, Aduatuci dixeérunt se facttiros esse quae imperarentur. Armo- 
rum vero magna multitudine dé muro in fossam iacta, circiter 
autem tertia parte celata et in oppido retenta, portis patefactis e0 
dié pace sunt tsi. 

523. Root voce, cal/. 
voc-6, call voca-bulum, zame, word w6c-iferor, cry aloud 
v6x (voc+s), voice v6c-u-la, feeble voice voc-a-tivus, ? 

Form compound verbs with a, con, dé, pro, re, and give 
meanings. 





Enc. Der. — Vocal, vocabulary, voice, vocation, vociferate, re- 
voke, vocative. 


—_07Q5 00—— 


LESSON LXXVII 
THE SUPINE— EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE— WORD LIST 


524. The Supine is a verbal substantive of the Fourth Declen- 
sion, found only in the Accusative singular (Former Supine), and 
in the Ablative singular (Latter Supine) : rogatum, rogati. 


525. Examine the following : — 
1. Hoc est difficile factu, “his 1s difficult to do (in respect to the 
doing). 
2. Hoc est fas dictu, sis ts right to say. 
Observe that factt and dicta express acts in respect to which 
the quality is asserted. 


202 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Rue. — The latter Supine is used with some adjectives and a few 
other words to express the act in reference to which 
the quality is asserted. 


Note. — These adjectives usually denote ease or difficulty, pleasure or dis- 
pleasure, right or wrong. 


526. Examine the following : — 


1. Légati ad eum pacem petitum vénérunt, ambassadors came to 
him to beg peace. 


Observe that petitum expresses the purpose for which the am- 
bassadors came. 


Ru.e.— The former Supine is used with verbs of motion to ex- 
press the purpose of the motion. 


527. Expressions of purpose. — The most common of these are 
illustrated in the following examples :— 


f ut pacem peterent } 

qui pacem peterent ; 
Légati pacis petendae causa the ambassadors came 

vénérunt pacem petendi causa to seek peace. 

ad pacem petendam 

| pacem petitum j 








528. You will observe from these examples that purpose may 
be expressed by (1) a clause with ut, etc., with the Subjunctive, 
(2) aclause with qui and the Subjunctive, (3) the Gerundive or 
Gerund with causa, (4) the Gerundive in the Accusative with ad, 
(5) the former Supine with a verb of motion. 


529. VOCABULARY 
Amazon, onis, f., az Amazon, a significatid, Gnis, f., signal. 

warlike woman. zOna, ae, f., belt, girdle. 
ascénsus, tis, m., ascent. asporto, are, avi, atus, carry off or 
éruptis, Snis, f., sad/y. * away. 
régina, ae, f., gucen. cOnser6, ere, ui, tus, join, unite; 
rixa, ae, f., guarrel, dispute. manis cOnserere, join batile. 


benign, adv., Aindly. 


THE SUPINE 203 


530. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Amazonum régina zOnam pulcherrimam quondam habe- 
bat, quam Herculés ad Eurystheum asportare iussus est. 2. Her- 
culés, cum ad Amazonum terram pervenisset, ab eis benigné ac- 
ceptus est. 3. Cum zonam petitum venisset, tamen eum benigne 
acceperunt. 4. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex 
oppido exire iussit, né quam noctu oppidi incolae a militibus 
initriam acciperent. 5. Caesar legatos ad eOs misit, qui dicerent 
sé eds in deditidnem accepturum esse. 6. Herculés in terram 
Amazonum missus erat ut ad Eurystheum zonam reéginae asporta- 
ret. 7. Milités in agros ad framentum conferendum mittébantur. 
8. Decima legid ad Caesarem auxilium ferendi causa missa est. 
g. Rixa orta, Amazones contra Herculem manus conseruerunt. 
10. Simul ac hostes éruptionem ex oppido fecerunt, significatio 
ignibus facta est. 11. Facile est dictu zonam reéginae asportare, 
factu autem difficile. 


II. 1. Eurystheus sent Hercules to bring the girdle of the 
queen (three ways). 2. The soldiers were sent as ambassadors 
to beg peace (four ways). 3. Labienus was sent to seize the 
camp of the enemy. 


531. Reapinc Lesson: Aiippolytes* Zona 


Herculés, cum ad Eurystheum cum equabus Diomédis revertis- 
set, in Amazonum terram ire iussus est, ut difficile opus conficeret. 
Hippolyté, Amazonum régina, zonam pulcherrimam habebat. Hac 
autem potiri volébat Admété,? Eurysthei filia, itaque Herculés 
eam asportare iussus est. Tandem ad Amazonum terram pervenit. 
Ibi primum eum benigné accépit® Hippolyte zonamque promisit ; 
sed, orta rixa, contra Herculem Amazones manus conseruerunt. 
His victis et occisa Hippolyta, Herculés zona potitus est et ad 
Eurystheum asportavit, itaque Admeteé laeta erat. 





1 of Hippolyte. 2 Admete. 8 entertained, 


204 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


532. Root flu, flow. 





flu-6, flow fli-men, river flu-ctus, wave, flood 
fle-6, weep in-flu-6, ? flu-it6, float 


Enc. DER. — Fluid, flush, fluctuate, flux, flume, influence, fluency. 


533. WORD LIST XII 


administr6 cOnserere maniis **mansuéfacid repentinus 


**adversus **corrumpo *memoria *rés militaris 
**adverso colle Créta *misericordia *resist6 
Amazon *currus *multitiids rixa 
ancora *decumanus ornd **rirsus 
*apertus *deinde **pasco sapi€ns 
appropinquo *edo **patefacio **significatio 
*asce€nsus €gregié **patria *singularis 
*asporto *equa **pelld *specie€s 
*auferd **eruptio *permitto *studium 
*belld forma **praeceps *supplex 
*benigne *jacio *praemium tamen 
calo *identidem *pristinus *transgredior 
clam incolumis *provolo Tréveri 
cohortor *inermis recéns turpitiids 
**compelld interneci6 **recipio *véxillum 
condici6 *iratus *redigo *victOria 
*cOnsénsus *legd *régina zona 
consero *mando *rémus 








VEXILLUM 


THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 205 


LESSON LXXVIII 


THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS— DATIVE OF THE 
AGENT 


NoTE. — Review the Future Active participle and the Gerundive of the 
regular verb. See 331, with I. 


534. First or Active Periphrastic Conjugation 


PRES. voca-tir-us (moni-tir-us, etc.) sum, / am about to call, intend 
to call. 

IMPERF, vocd-tiir-us eram, etc., J was about to call, etc. 

Fur. voc4-tir-us er6, etc., 7 shall be about to call, etc. 

PERF. voca-tir-us ful, etc., 7 was or have been about to call, etc. 

PLup. voca-tir-us fueram, etc., J had been about to call, etc. 


Fur. PerF. voca-tiir-us fuer6, etc., 7 shall have been about to call, etc. 


535. Examine the following :— 

I. Quaerd quid facttrus sit, / ask what he ts going to do, intends 
to do, will do. 

2. Quaesivi quid facturus esset, / asked what he was going to 
do, etc. 

Observe in the above sentences that in the indirect question 
the first periphrastic conjugation takes the place of the lacking 
Future Subjunctive. 

This is true of all forms of indirect discourse. 


586. Second or Passive Periphrastic Conjugation 


PRES. voca-ndus (mone-ndus) sum, / have to be, ought to be, must be 
called. 

IMPERF. voca-ndus eram, / had Zo be called, etc. 

FuT. voca-ndus er6, / shall have to be called, etc. 

PERF. voca-ndus ful, / fad or have had to be called, etc. 

PLupP. voca-ndus fueram, / had had to be called, etc. 


Fut. Perr. voca-ndus fuer6, J shall have had to be called, etc. 


1. The Subjunctive and Infinitive in the periphrastic conjuga- 
tions are formed according to the same law as the Indicative. 


206 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


537. Examine the following :— 


1. Signum Caesari dandum est, Caesar has to give the signal (the 
signal must be given by Caesar). 

2. Militibus ad montem currendum est, she soldiers must run to 
the mountain. 


Observe that in the above, duty, necessity, or obligation is 
‘implied, and that the name of the person upon whom the duty, 
necessity, or obligation rests is in the Dative case. 

Observe the impersonal use’ of the verb in 2. 


Rute. — The person upon whom the duty, necessity, or obligation 
rests is expressed by the use of the second peri- 
phrastic conjugation, with the Dative of the agent. 


538. VOCABULARY 
sectio, Onis, f., dooty. décerno6, ere, crévi, crétus, decree. 
supplicatis, Onis, f., ‘hanksgiving. refring6, ere, frégi, fractus, dreak 
iniquus, a, um, wxeven, unfavorable, down. 
tiniversus, a, um, wziversa/l, as a vendo, ere, didi, ditus, se//. 

whole. 


539. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Caesari omnia uno tempore agenda erant. 2. Légatus 
septimam legionem ad collem missurus erat. 3. Legato prima 
aestate bellum gerendum est. 4. Castra munienda erunt post- 
quam copias nostras flimen tradiximus. 5. Aciés instruenda, 
signum- dandum, milités ab opere revocandi sunt. 6. Deditione 
facta, nostros praesidia déductiiros esse existimavérunt. 7. Omni- 
bus copiis subito ex oppido eruptidnem fécérunt, qua facilior ad 
castra nostra ascensus videbatur. 8. Milites portas refracturi 
erant. g. Caesar sectionem eo dié véndittrus erat. 1o. Puella 
sororem vocatura est. 


II. 1. The soldiers are about to storm the town. 2. Caesar 
had to give the signal. 3. The lieutenant thought that he ought to 





1 The use of a verb in the third person sing. without a personal subject. 


(Sore 
Or THE 
UNIVERSITY 
THE PERIPHRASTI¢€ CONJ ATIONS 207 
CALIFOR AY 
occupy the hill. 4. The soldiers had to fortify the camp. 5. The 
enemy thought that Caesar would not cross the river. 6. If Caesar 
should enroll two new legions, he would be able to defeat the 
Germans. 7. When Caesar heard this, he began to return into 
the province. 8. As soon as Caesar arrived, the army was led 


into winter quarters. 





540. READING LESSON 


Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppidod exire 
iussit, né quam nocti oppidi incolae a militibus iniuriam acciperent. 
Illi, ante consilid,’ ut intelléctum est, initd, quod, déditione facta, 
nostros praesidia déducturos existimaverant, omnibus copiis subitd 
ex oppido éruptionem feécérunt. Pugnatum est ab hostibus acri- 
ter, cum in tina? virttite omnis spés salutis esset. Occisis ad homi- 
num milibus quattuor, reliqui in oppidum repulsi sunt. Postridié 
Gius diéi, refractis portis, cum iam defenderet némo, sectionem 
Gius oppidi tiniversam Caesar vendidit. Ab eis qui €merant capi- 
tum numerus ad eum relatus est milium quinquaginta et trium. 
Eodem tempore certior factus est omnes maritimas civitatés in 
potestatem populi Romani redactas esse.- His rébus gestis, omni 
Gallia pacata, ipse in Italiam profectus est. Ob eas rés in diés 
quindecim ® supplicatio décréta est, quod ante id herent accidit 
nulli. 


541. Root cad, fal. 


cad-6, fall ac-cid-6, happen cad-aver, a dead body 
cas-us, accident dis-céd-6, depart dis-ces-sus, ? 


Enc. Der. — Case, casual, accident, secede, ancestor, success. 








lin accordance with a plan arranged beforehand. 
2 in valor alone. 


8 a thanksgiving for fifteen days. 


208 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


LESSON LXXIX 


THE INDIRECT DISCOURSE — PRINCIPAL AND SUBORDINATE 
CLAUSES 


542. The Indirect Discourse has been already defined, and 
simple illustrations of its use given. See 263, 304. 

Fix in memory the fact that verbs of saying, knowing, perceiving, 
and the like, introduce the indirect discourse, that the verbs of its 
principal propositions are in the Infinitive mood, and that the 
tenses of the Infinitive denote time, present, past, or future, with 
reference to that of the verb which introduces the indirect 
discourse. 


543. Examine the following : — 
1. Dicit sé audire 


quid faciam He says that he what Iam doing. 
quid fécerim hears “| what I have done or did. 
quid factirus sim Lares i Lam about to do. 
2. Dicit sé audivisse 
quid facerem Fle says that he | what I did or was doing. 
quid fécissem | heard or has | what I had done. 
quid factiirus essem heard what I was about to do. 
3. Dicit sé auditirum esse 
quid faciam | ie babe be what I am doing. 
quid fécerim what I have done or did. 
quid factirus sim J print cf what Iam about to do, 
4. Dixit sé audire 
quid facerem fle said that he | what I did or was doing. 
quid fécissem heard or was what I had done. 
quid factiirus essem hearing what I was about to do. 


5. Dixit sé audivisse 
quid facerem | what I did or was doing. 
what I had done. 


what I was about to do. 


fle said that he 


quid fécissem Pere 


quid factiirus essem 
6. Dixit sé auditirum esse 
quid facerem what I did or was doing. 
what I had done. 


what I was about to do. 


quid fécissem 


quid factiirus essem 


He said that he 
should hear 


THE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 209 


1. Observe that while the verb of the principal proposition in 
the indirect discourse is in the Infinitive, that of the subordinate 
proposition is in the Subjunctive. This holds true in all subordi- 
nate propositions, — relative, interrogative, temporal, conditional, 
causal, etc. 

2.' Observe sharply the use of tenses in the leading verb, in 
the Infinitive, and? in the verbs of the subordinate clauses. 

3. Note that the Perfect Infinitive may represent any past 
tense of the Indicative. 


Learn the above examples, with their English meanings. 


Rute.—In the Indirect Discourse, the verbs of the principal 
propositions are in the Infinitive, the verbs of the 
subordinate propositions in the Subjunctive. 


544. VOCABULARY 
calor, Gris, m., Zeaz/. uterque, traque, trumque, each, 
columna, ae, f., column, pillar. both. 
cymba, ae, f., skiff, boat. *  conicisé, ere, iéci, iectus, iur/. 
gigas, antis, m., giant. ciistodi6, Ire, ivi, itus, exvard. 
Hispania, ae, f., Spain. miror, ari, atus sum, wonder at, 
latus, eris, n., s¢de, flank. admtre. 
biceps, ipitis, ‘wo headed. - igitur, adv., herefore. 

545. EXERCISES 


I. 1. Dixit sdlis calorem tantum esse ut in eum sagittas suas 
coniceret. 2. In Hispaniam profectus dicit sé columnas statu- 
turum esse ad utrumque latus maris. 3. Dixit gigantem, qui boves 
custodiret, summis viribus esse. 4. Scio té mirari columnas quae 
ad utrumque latus maris statiitae sint. 5. Scivi vos audaciam 
mirari quam Hercules praeberet. 6. Dixit sé nunquam bicipitem 





1 Any primary tense of dic6 may be used with the constructions in 1, 2, and 
3, and any secondary tense with those in 4, 5, and 6. 

? Rhetorical questions and subordinate propositions merely explanatory or 
stating what is true independent of the quotation have their verbs in the 
indicative. 

BEGIN. LAT. BK.— 14 


210 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


gigantem vidisse. 7. Dixit Herculem cymba aurea solis domum na- 
vigare, postquam gigantem interfécisset. 8. Vidit eds ad montés sé 
recepisse, quod hostés seciti essent. 9g. Scivit, si id non fécisset, 
sé felicem futirum fuisse.! 


Change each sentence of the above into the direct discourse, 
giving sharp attention to mood and tense. 


I]. 1. He said that Hercules when he arrived in Spain placed 
pillars on each side of the sea. 2. He said that the two-headed 
giant who guarded the oxen lived in Arcadia. 3. They said that 
Hercules hurled his weapons at the sun be- 
cause the heat was so great. 4. He says that 
he wonders at the size of the giant who is 
guarding the oxen. 5. He saw that the 
golden boat of the sun, in which Hercules was 
carried, was very large and beautiful. 6. He 
thinks that the men, who came to Caesar concerning terms of 
peace, were wise and brave. 7. He replied that he would not 
give hostages to the Roman people, because that part of Gaul 
was his. 8. He said that he would go to Arcadia, where the 
happiest men lived. 





in| 
Via 


oh mC 











546. READING LEsson: Géryonis Boves 


Gigas triplici corpore, GéryOn nomine, in insula Erythia habita- 
bat. Ei erat maximus pulcherrimusque grex boum; quds gigas 
Eurytion et canis biceps custodiébant. Herculés est profectus in 
Libyam et Hispaniam ut eOs invenire et abdiicere posset. Suo 
adventi ad utrumque latus maris columnas statuit quibus nomen 
Herculéis columnis? dedit. Défessus labore et calore sOlis lacessi- 
tus in Helion * sagittas coniécit. Hic autem, audaciam éius mira- 





1 Peculiar Infinitive form used in the indirect discourse in the apodosis of 
a condition contrary to fact in past time. Translate, would have been happy. 

2 to which he gave the name of the pillars of Hercules. The most usual 
construction of the name given is the Dative in agreement with that to which 
the name is given. 

3 Helios (the sun god); Hélion, Greek form of Acc. 


VERB REVIEW — REGULAR VERBS 211 


tus, ei cymbam auream, qua ipse vehitur, dedit, ut ad Erythiam 
navigare posset. Htc vectus GeryoOnem cum EurytiOne et cane 
interfécit, et incolumis domum cum bobus revertit. 


547. Root col, “id. 





col-6, z//, inhabit in-col-6, inhabit agri-col-a, ——? 
col-6nus, ‘tiller, colonist in-col-a, ? agri-cul-tira, ——? 
cul-tus, cultivation col-6nia, ——? in-cul-tus, ——? 


Form English derivatives. 


00400 


LESSON LXXX 
VERB REVIEW— REGULAR. VERBS 


548. Review carefully the regular verb in both active and pas- 
sive voices, referring to 603-614. 

Be able to give any form of each of the following verbs: laudo, 
terred, diicd, facid, munis. 


549. VOCABULARY 
Atlas, antis, m., A//as. habit6, dre, Avi, atus, dwell in, in- 
caelum, i, n., shy. habit. 
dolus, i, m., trick, deceit. nanciscor, i, nactus sum, od/ain, 
malum, I, n., apple. find. 
pulvinus, I, m., cushion, pad. recéd6, ere, cessi, cessus, w7th- 
adsentior, iri, sénsus sum, assent, draw, go back. 

agree. 

550. Reapinc Lesson: Jala Hesperidum 


Deinde Eurystheus Herculem iussit sibi mala aurea Hesperidum 
asportare. Opus erat difficillimum, non enim locum, quo erant, 
sciébat. Erant vero in horto magno et pulchro ad montem Atlan- 
tem, ubi Hesperidés cum ingenti serpente ea custodiebant. Cum 
tandem locum Herculés nancisceretur, Atlantem rogavit num sibi 


212 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


mala auferre vellet ; pollicitus est vero sé caelum suis umeris impo- 
situm, vice’ Gius sustenttrum esse. Atlas adsénsus est, profectus 
est, cum malis revertit, noleébat autem caelum iterum sustinére. 
Tum dixit Herculés: ‘“Sustiné caelum, si placet,? dum® pulvinum 
capiti meo parem.” Onere ita per dolum iterum umeris Atlantis 
imposito, Hercules malis aureis potitus ad Eurystheum recessit. 


551. Root man, ma, measure. 


man-us, Zand man-da-tum, ———? man-ipulus, 

man-d6, put into the hand, man-ceps (manus capis) handful, com- 
order one who takes by the hand, pany 

, purchaser 


_ Enc. DER. — Manacle, manage, manifest, manner, manual, man- 
ufacture, manuscript, maintain, maneuver. 


—o705 oo-——— 


LESSON LXXXI 
VERB REVIEW —IRREGULAR VERBS — WORD LIST 


552. Review carefully the irregular verbs. See 615-623. 


553. VOCABULARY 
aditus, tis, m., approach, entrance. servitiis, itis, f., slavery. 
canis, is, m. and f., dog. Tartara, Srum, n. pl., 7ar/arus, the 
Cerberus, I, m., Cerberus. lower world. 


triceps, ipitis, tree headed. 


554. READING LEsson: Cerberus 


Hercules undecim laborés iam perégerat, difficillimum autem 
opus erat reliquum. Erat in Tartaris canis triceps, nomine Cerbe- 
rus. Hic aditum in Tartara ctistodiébat et né quis adiret prohibe- 





1 in his stead, 2 if you please, lit. if it is pleasing. 
8 dum referring to something purposed takes the Subjunctive. 


VERB REVIEW —IRREGULAR VERBS 213 


bat. Herculés hunc in terram ferre iussus in Tartara cum Herma? 
et Athéna? profectus est. Tum summo labore Cerberum manibus 
captum in terram s€cum portavit. His laboribus functus Herculés 
ab Eurysthe6 servittite liberatus est. Multae et mirae fabulae dé 
hoc forti homine narratae sunt, quas legere alio® possitis. 


555. Root hab, have. 


hab-e-6, have dé-be6 (de + habeS), fave from pro-hib-e6, ——? 
some one, owe 
hab-i-t6, zxhadit hab-i-tus, condition, garb dé-b-ilis, weak 


Enc. Der. — Habit, inhabit, exhibit, prohibit, debt, ability, 
average. 


556. WORD LIST XIII 
*aditus Cerberus gigas malum sectid 
*adsentior columna *habit6d *miror *servitiis 
Atlas *conicid Hispania nanciscor *supplicatis 
**biceps *ciistodid *igitur pulvinus Tartara 
caelum cymba *iniquus *recédd **triceps 
calor décern6d latus refringo *iiniversus 
canis dolus *uterque 





HERCULES AND CERBERUS 





1 Hermes or Mercury, the messenger of the gods, 
2 Athene or Minerva, goddess of wisdom. 
8 elsewhere. 


CONTINUOUS LATIN PROSE 


Note. — The pupil should now be able to translate the following continu- 
ous passages with ease. Most of the words have been already given in the 
special vocabularies as English equivalents of Latin words, and frequently 
used in the Latin-English and English-Latin exercises. The few others can 
be easily learned from the general vocabulary at the end of the book. All 
difficult constructions and new idioms will be explained in notes following 
each exercise, and frequent references made to points already emphasized. ; 


557. EXERCISE I 


Caesar, a brave and famous general of the Romans, conquered 
the forces of the Helvetians in Gaul. He also conquered Ariovis- 
tus, king of the Germans, in a great battle. He then led his army 
among the Sequani, and he himself hastened into the interior of 
Gaul.’ There he called together his lieutenants and enrolled two 
new legions, for the Belgae were conspiring against the Roman 
people and bringing their forces together into one place. 


1 jn interidrem Galliam. See 237. 


558. EXERCISE II 


Bibrax was a town of the Remi near the river Axona. This 
town the Belgae began to attack on the march with great force. 
Iccius, a man of! great authority and influence among the Remi, 
informed Caesar of? the plans of the Belgae. He said® that the 
Remi were not preparing arms, but were ready to give hostages to 
the Romans, receive them into their towns, and* assist them with 
grain and other things which were of use’ to them for war. , He 
said, moreover, that the Germans were in arms, and were making 
a conspiracy against the Roman people. 

1 Use Ablative of quality. See 157. 2dé. % Observe that “said” intro- 


duces the indirect discourse. See 548. 4 Omit. 5 See 129. 
214 


CONTINUOUS LATIN PROSE 215 


559. Exercise III 


Caesar, because the danger of the Remi was great and their 
safety a care’ to him, sent as an aid to them archers and slingers. 
The Bellovaci surpassed the rest of the Belgae in valor,’ and in 
the number of men who could® bear arms; but the chief com- 
mand* of the war was conferred upon Galba, king of the Suessi- 
ones. After’ hostages had been given by the Remi, Caesar led 
his forces across the river, and ordered his soldiers to fortify the 
camp with a wall and a ditch. 

1 Dative. *See 94. 3% Use Subjunctive of possum with following Infini- 


tive. Why Subjunctive? See 448. ‘summa. ® Ablative Absolute. See 
176-178. 


560. EXeERcIsE IV 


After the enemy had been defeated in a fierce cavalry battle, 
Caesar led his men back into the camp, but the enemy tried to 
storm the redoubt and cut down the bridge which was over the . 
river. When our men saw this, they hastened toward them and 
killed a great number. After this battle they decided to return 
home,’ and, at the second watch,’ they set out from the camp with 
a great shout. Caesar pursued, and having killed many of them, 
returned to the camp. On the day after this, he led his forces 
into the territory of the Suessiones and hastened to the town of 
Noviodunum.? 


1 See 394. 2 secunda vigilia. % Accusative in app. with oppidum. 


561. EXERCISE V 


After Caesar bean to push up the sheds and to prepare those 
things which were of use! for assaulting, the Suessiones, alarmed 
by the magnitude of the works, surrendered themselves to the 
Romans. Caesar received as hostages the chief men of the state, 
and among them the two sons of Galba himself. Then, having 
established ? peace, he led his cavalry and infantry forces against 
the Bellovaci, who immediately surrendered themselves and all 


216 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


their property *® to the Roman people, and gave Caesar six hundred 
hostages, the children of the nobility. 


lad opptignandum iisui erant. 2 Ablative Absolute. See 176-178. 
3’ suaque omnia. 


562. EXERCISE VI 


Caesar then led his army against the Nervii, a fierce and hostile 
nation, who neither gave hostages nor accepted terms of peace. 
Our soldiers had chosen for a camp a hill which sloped gradually! 
to the river. Across this river the Nervii had seized another hill. 
At the top? of this hill were dense woods in which the enemy had 
concealed themselves. Along? the river a few horsemen were seen. 
Our cavalry, which Caesar had sent forward, hastened to join battle 
with them, but were in a short time defeated by the enemy, who 
suddenly made an attack against them from the woods. 


1 paulatim vergébat. 2 See 237. *% secundum flimen. 


563. EXERCISE VII 


Caesar had! to do everything at one time. He drew up his 
army more ’ as the nature of the place, than? as the plan of military 
affairs, demanded. ‘The soldiers of the ninth and tenth legions 
were fighting on the left wing,® and the two legions which had 
been most recently enrolled met* the enemy on the banks of the 
river, but the Romans who had been defeated in the first attack,? 
again sought safety in flight. Caesar, greatly disturbed, advanced 
to the line of battle, and ordered his men to use their swords. At 
his arrival, their courage was renewed. They met the enemy with 
fresh strength,® and drove them to the banks of the river. Here 
the Nervii fought with their swords, but our men threw missiles 
from a higher place and killed a great number of them. The rest, 
frightened, fled, and thus the name and nation of the Nervii were 
reduced almost to destruction. 


1See 587. 2magisut...quamut... %insinistrd corni. ‘* oc- 
curr6 with the Dative. ® prim6impeti. ® integris viribus. 


CONTINUOUS LATIN PROSE 217 


564. EXeERcIsE VIII 


The Aduatuci, who had comé with all their forces to the aid ! of 
the Nervii, betook themselves to a.fortified town, and determined 
to defend themselves against the Romans. For a few days they 
contended with our soldiers in slight engagements,’ but at length, 
being alarmed by the strength and quickness of the Romans, they 
sent ambassadors to Caesar concerning surrender. They pre- 
tended? to throw all their arms into the ditch before the town, but 
they had concealed about a third part within the walls. In the 
night they made a sally from the town, but were easily repulsed 
by the Romans. 


1 Two Datives. See 129. 2 parvulis proeliis. * simul6. 


565. EXERCISE IX 


Caesar sent Galba’ with the tenth legion and a great part of the 
cavalry against the Nantuates, whose territories extend to the sum- 
mits of the Alps. He ordered him to place? two legions there, 
and to fortify the village of Octodurus.*? After many days of win- 
ter-quarters, Galba ordered grain to be brought from the fields ; 
but it was not brought, for the Nantuates had suddenly withdrawn 
from the village by night, and the mountains were held by a great 
number of the enemy, who were preparing war. Galba hearing * 
of this, decided to defend the camp. 


1 Not the Galba who was king of the Suessiones, but one of Caesar’s lieu- 
tenants. ?conlocd6. *6560,n.3. ‘4 hdc audité. 


566. EXERCISE X 


After a brief time, the enemy made an attack upon our men, 
and hurled stones against the rampart. Then our soldiers rushed 
against them from all quarters of the camp, and drove them back. 
After’ this battle was finished, Galba led his men safe into the 
territory of the Allobroges, and wintered there. In the mean- 
time, a new war arose? among the Veneti. Caesar having been 


218 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


informed of these things, sent Brutus with a fleet to capture ® their 
boats. After this had been done, he quickly brought‘ the war to 
an end. 


1 Hoc proeli6 facto. *ortumest. * qui with Subjunctive. ‘4 dring 
to an end, cOnficis. 


567. EXERCISE XI 


While these things were going on among the Veneti, Caesar 
sent Quintus’ Titurius Sabinus against the Unelli, and ordered 
him to hinder them from injury and mischief. Sabinus selected a 
place for a camp suitable in all respects, and kept himself and his 
men in this camp for many days. In the meantime, many states 
had come as? an aid to the enemy. Sabinus hearing® of this, 
attacked them suddenly, and easily conquered them. They fled, 
some ‘ in one direction, and others in another, but our men pur- 
sued and wounded many. Sabinus announced his victory to 
Caesar, and at the same time was informed of Caesar’s naval 
battle. 


1Q. Titirius Sabinus. * See 129. * his rébus auditis. ‘4 See 251. 


CONLOQUIA 


THESE conloquia may be taken at the teacher’s pleasure at intervals in con- 
nection with the other work, or consecutively at the end of the series of lessons 
and the continuous prose exercises. 


568. Oonloquium I. Situs Romae. Pater et Filius Conloquuntur 
Dialogue The location 


Ubi est Roma? 
In Italia est Roma. 
Qua in parte Italiae est Roma? 


Roma est in ea parte quae ad occasum-solis spectat. 
the west lies. 


ye ee 


Estne Roma ad mare? — 
near 


P. Scilicet, Roma sédecim milibus-passuum ab mari abest, 
Certainly, miles 


posita in flumine. 
F. Quo in flumine Roma posita est ? 
P. In Tiberi Roma posita est. 


569. Gonloquium II. Oonditor Romae 


Founder 


F. Quis, mi pater, Romam constituit ? 


my Sounded ? 
P. Traditur, mi filiole, ROmulus Romam constituisse multos 
They say, little son, ve ee 
annos abhinc. , oe vf 


ago. he avy Gat 

fF. Fabulam mihi dé Romulo narra, si tibi ‘Het. 

tell, if you please. 
P. Nunc negotium mihi est ; inveniés autem fabulam iucundam 

Lam busy pleasing 
dé Romulo Remoque in libro quem hodieé tibi dedi. 
to-day 
219 


220 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


570. Corloquium III. 0. Itlius Oaesar 


F. Quando Caesar Romae vixit ? 
When did live? 


P. Natus est Caesar multos annos abhinc, C. Mario et L. Valerio 
was born 


consulibus. 
in the consulship of. 


#, Caesarne unquam consul fuit? 
ever 
P. Ita vero, Caesar erat consul cum M. Calpurnio Bibulo. 


FF. Quam ob rem clarus Caesar erat? 


P. Clarus erat quod magnus orator, doctus vir et litteris €ruditus, 
égregius auctor, maximus dux erat. learned | educated, 
eminent author 


F. Nonne mécum cras amplius de Caesare loqueéris ? 
to-morrow further will speak? 


P. Ita, iamque, vale. 
and now, farewell, 


571. Oonloqguium IV. 0. lilius Caesar 


F. Cupid audire amplius dé Caesare, care pater, si Otium est tibi. 
I wish if you have time 


P. Negotium est mihi, mi fili,sed si quid vis, non occupatus 
sum. Quid vis scire? if you wish anything engaged 


F. Quae Caesar scripsit ? 
did write ? 


P. Historiam dé suis bellis scripsit. 
A narrative 


F. Quibuscum Caesar bellum gessit ? 


P. Cum Helvétiis, cum Germanis, cum multis aliis gentibus 
bellum gessit. 


F. Semperne eas proelio superavit ? 


P. Etiam. Iam cognOdscés Caesarem fortem clarumque impera- 
torem fuisse. 


572. 


F, 
. 


F, 


CONLOQUIA 221 


Oonloquium V. 0. Iilius Caesar 


Eratne Caesar rex ROmanorum ? 


Minimé, alii autem dicunt eum cupidum régni fuisse. 
some throne 


Quaré Caesar non réx creatus est? 
made 


/. Romani Tarquinium Superbum, suum regem septimum et 


Tarquin the Proud, 


ultimum, multis annis ante expulerant, neque volebant esse alium 


last, 


before had expelled, 


regem ; nam nomen regem Oderant. 


hated. 


573. Conloquium VI. Praeceptor et Discipulus dé Oaesare 


D. 


Ya 


D. 


Teacher Pupil 
Conloquuntur 


Nonne multae fabulae dé Caesare narrantur? 
Ita sane, multae et pulchrae. 


Narra mihi, si placet tibi, fabulam dé hoc virO maximo. 
if you please, 


P. Hodié narrare non possum, mihi enim Otium non est ; cras, 


sI me interrogabis, respondebo. 
if you ask me, 


Wo 


ya 


574. 


SxS TS 


Bene est. Cras revertar. Vale. 


Et tu vale. 


Conloquium VII. Oaesar in Tempestite 


Nonne mihi hodié fabulam dé Caesare narrare vis? 


‘Libenter. Quid vis cognoscere? 


Willingly. 
Nonne Caesar erat olim in nave in magna maris tempestate ? 
once 


Ita vero, ut dicit Plutarchus, scriptor Graecus. 
as Plutarch, Greek, 


Nonne erant fluctts magni? 
. waves 


222 


Sf 


perterriti essent. 


D. 


Pea’ 


D. 


Y 


THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


Ita sané, et tantus erat impetus ventoOrum, ut omnés nautae 
force ofthe winds. 


Eratne navis magister commotus ? 


Graviter commotus, et reverti voluit. 
Seriously turn back 


Num Caesar timébat ? 


Minimé vero; magistrum autem ad sé vocavit et dixit: 


“Quid times? Caesarem vehis.” 


575. 


Conloquium VIII. Caesar apud Piratas I 


Pirates 
Nonne Caesar Olim in manus piratarum incidit ? 
Ita. Mox autem liberatus est. 
Quodmodo? ? 


Piratae viginti talenta redémptionem postulaverunt. 
talents as a ransom 


. Quid fecit Caesar? 


Eos derisit quod tantulum postulaverunt, et dixit. 
laughed at so little 


. Quid dixit? 


Dixit : “ Me tantulo redimere non volo. Postulate quinqua- 
Jor so little ransom 


ginta talenta. Solvam.” 


a 


ae 


quo facto, liberatus est. 


576. 
D. 


Ea? 


I will pay them. 
Acceperuntne piratae has condicionés ? 


Ita vero. Tum misit Caesar amicos ad pecuniam conligendam 
the money __to collect 
Conloquium IX. Oaesar apud Piratas II 


Quid fecit Caesar, dum apud piratas versabatur ? 


Postquam amici sui ad peciiniam conligendam profecti sunt, 


sé delectabat cum piratis. 


amused 


CONLOQUIA 223 


D. Quomodo sé deélectabat ? 


P. Simulabat sé dormire velle ; itaque iis imperabat ne 
He pretended to sleep not 


clamorem facerent. 
to make a noise. 


D. Nonne parebant? 


FP. Etiam. Caesar verstis quoque ad eos ludendos fecit, quos 
? 
iis recitavit verses to make fun of them composed 


read aloud. 


D. Num id placuit piratis ? 
did please 
P. Placuit vero ; quamquam Caesar in versibus dixit sé, post- 
although 


quam liberatus esset, reverstirum esse et eOs interfecturum. 
would return 


D. Num crediderunt piratae ? 
did believe 


P. Non crédidérunt. Caesar vérO magnum exercitum 
conlégit, revertit, eOs superavit, in carcerem coniécit, postea 


in crucem sustulit. presen afterwards 
he crucified them. 


D. Eheu! Eheu! Quem virum cridélem ! 
Alas / What a cruel / 


P. Minimé vero, non crudeélis, plerumque mitissimus erat. 
generally very gentle. 


577. Conloquium X. OC. Crastinus 
D. Quis, mi praeceptor, erat C. Crastinus? 


P. Erat, mi discipule, ut dixit Plutarchus, vir fortis, qui in pugna 
ad Pharsalum tini ex Caesaris manipulis praeerat. 
companies 


D. Quid dixit Caesar cum sé in pugna illi obvium ferret ? 
he met him? 


P. Dixit: “ Quae spés est, Crastine, fortunae melioris ?”’ 
D. Quid respondit Crastinus ? 
sat 


Respondit, manu dextra tenta, “ Hodie, mi imperator, 
reaching out his right hand, 


224 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


magnifice vincemus, et tu quoque me, vivum aut mortuum lau- 


gloriously shall conquer alive or dead 
dabis.”’ 
D. Fabula optima est. Ago tibi gratias. 
excellent I thank you. 
FP. Minime. Narro libenter. 
gladly. 
578. Conloquium XI. Caesar ad Zélam 


D. Narra mihi, mi praeceptor, si placet, fabulam amplius, cras 
domum __redeo. 


lam going back. 
FP. Mé miserum! Teé saepe desiderabo. Cur abis? 
Alas! Shall miss, Why are you going away? 
D. Pater meus aeger est. Me arcessivit. Eundum est mihi. 
sick I must go. 
P. Certé,tibiesteundum. Ante autem interroga quidcumque vis. 
Certainly ask whatever 


D. Velim cognodscere num Caesar cum Pharnace pugnaret. 
I should like whether Pharnaces 


FP. Ita sane, et praeclaram victoriam deéportavit. 
Jamous bore off. 
D. Quem ad locum pugnavit? 


FP. Pugnavit ad Zélam, unde litteras de hac pugna ad amicum 
Romam misit. 


D. Quid scripsit Caesar? 
FP. Scripsit : “ Veni, vidi, vici.” 


D. O verbum mirabile! Quem virum fortem! Nunquam 


wonder ful / 
désinam eum admirari. 
Shall I cease to admire. 


P. Bene dicis, est enim laude dignus. 
worthy of praise. 


D. Ago tibi gratias. Nunc abeundum est mihi. Vale! 


P. Tu quoque vale. 


579. 


SING, 4 





580. 


SING. 4 


PLUR. ¢ 





581. 


TABLE OF DECLENSION 


TYPICAL SUBSTANTIVES 


First DECLENSION 


Stem ending a; Base silv- 





(N. _ silv-a, F. silv-ae 
G. _ silv-ae G. _ silv-drum 
D.  silv-ae Broad D. silv-is 
Ac. silv-am Ac. silv-as 
V.  silv-a V. — silv-ae 
. Ab, silv-a . Ab. silv-is 
SECOND DECLENSION 
Stem ending o 
Base légat- bell- puer- agr- vir- 
(N. légat-us,m. bell-um, N.  puer, M. ager, M. vir, M 
G. légat-i bell-i — puer-i agr-i vir-i 
D. ‘légat-o _ bell-6 puer-6 agr-O vir-6 
Ac. légat-um bell-um puer-um agr-um vir-um 
V.  légat-e bell-um puer ager vir 
. Ab. légat-o bell-6 puer-o agr-6 vir-6 
(N.  légat-i bell-a puer-i agr-i vir-i 
G. légat-crum  bell-Grum si puer-Orum~—_agr-Orum ___sir-Orum 
D. ‘leégat-is bell-is puer-is agr-Is vir-is 
Ac. légat-os bell-a puer-6s agr-6s vir-ds 
V. ~=‘légat-i bell-a puer-i agr-i vir-i 
(Ab. légat-is bell-is puer-is agr-is vir-is 
THIRD DECLENSION 
Stem ending consonant 
Base duc- corpor- 
SING. PLUR. SING, PLUR. 
N.V. dux, M. duc-és corpus, N. corpor-a 
G.  duc-is- duc-um corpor-is corpor-um 
D.  duc-i duc-ibus corpor-i corpor-ibus 
Ac, duc-em' duc-és corpus corpor-a 
Ab. duc-e duc-ibus corpor-e corpor-ibus 


BEGIN. LAT. BK. —1I5 


225 


226 


582. 


SING. 4 


PLUR. 1 





583. 


SING. 4 


PLUR. , 





584. 


THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


THIRD DECLENSION (Continued ) 
Stem ending i | 
Base host- turr- mar- 
{ N.V. host-is, M. F. turr-is, F. mar-e, N. 
G. _host-is turr-is mar-is 
D. _host-i turr-i mar-i 
Ac. host-em turr-im (em) mar-e 
| Ab. host-e turr-I (e) mar-i 
( N.V. host-és turr-E€s mar-ila 
G. host-ium turr-ium mar-ium 
D. _host-ibus turr-ibus mar-ibus 
Ac. host-is (és) turr-is (és) mar-ia 
| Ab. host-ibus turr-ibus mar-ibus 
Stem ending irregular 
Base irregular 
( N.V. iter, N. senex, M. 
G. _ itiner-is sen-is 
D. _itiner-i sen-i 
Ac. iter sen-em 
| Ab. itiner-e sen-e 
(N.V. itiner-a sen-és 
G. _ itiner-um sen-um 
D. _ itiner-ibus sen-ibus 
Ac. itiner-a sen-€s 
| Ab. itiner-ibus sen-ibus 
FOURTH DECLENSION 
Stem ending u 
Base cas- corn- 
( N.V. cas-us, M. corn-il, N. 
G. _cas-iis corn-ts 
sinc. 4D.  cas-ui corn-ii 
Ac. cas-um corn-ii 
| Ab. cas-t corn-il 
( N.V. cas-tis corn-ua 
G. -cas-uum corn-uum. 
PLUR.{ D. _ cas-ibus corn-ibus 
Ac. cas-ts corn-ua 
| Ab. cas-ibus corn-ibus 





urb- 
urb-s, F. 
urb-is 
urb-i 
urb-em 
urb-e 
urb-és 
urb-ium 
urb-ibus 
urb-is (€s) 
urb-ibus 


vi-s, F. 
vi-s (rare) 
vi (rare) 
vi-m 

vi 

vir-€s 
vir-ium 
vir-ibus © 
vir-€s 
vir-ibus 


585. 


SING, 


586. 


SING, 


PLUR. 


587. 


SING, 


PLUR. 


4 








4 





TABLE OF DECLENSION 


FIFTH DECLENSION 


Stem ending e 





Base di- 

( N.V. di-és, M. F. f N.V. 
G. — di-éi G 
D._ di-€éi PLUR. } D. 
Ac. di-em Ac. 

| Ab. di-é | Ab. 

ADJECTIVES 
FirsT AND SECOND DECLENSION 
a- and o-Stems 

(N.  fid-us fid-a 
G. _fid-i fid-ae 
D.  fid-6 fid-ae 
Ac. fid-um fid-am 
V.  fid-e fid-a 

( Ab.  fid-6 fid-a 

(N.  fid-i - fid-ae 
G. _ fid-6rum fid-arum 
D. _fid-is fid-is 
Ac. fid-6s fid-as 
V. ~ fid-i fid-ae 

. Ab. fid-is fid-is 

a- and o-Stems 

{ N.  miser miser-a 
G. — miser-i miser-ae 
D. i miser-6 miser-ae 
Ac. miser-um miser-am 
V. ~~ miser miser-a 

\ Ab. miser-6 miser-a 

(f N.  miser-i miser-ae 
G.  miser-drum miser-arum 
D. —miser-is miser-is 
Ac. miser-ds miser-as 
V. ~~ miser-i miser-ae 

\ Ab. 


miser-is miser-is 


227 


di-€s, M. F. 
di-€rum 
di-ébus 
di-és 
di-ébus 


fid-um 
fid-i 
fid-6 
fid-um 
fid-um 
fid-6 


fid-a 
fid-orum 
fid-is 
fid-a 
fid-a 
fid-is 


miser-um 
miser-i 
miser-6 
miser-um 
miser-um 
miser-0 


miser-a 
miser-Orum 
miser-is 
miser-a 
miser-a 
miser-is 


228 


588. 


SING, + 


PLUR. ; 


SING. ; 


PLUR. ; 


SING. <¢ 


THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


First AND SECOND DECLENSION (Continued) 


a- and o-Stems 


f N.V. 
G. 
D. 


noster 
nostr-1 
nostr-6 
nostr-um 
nostr-6 


. nostr-i 
nostr-Orum 
nostr-is 

c. nostr-0s 

nostr-is 





Three terminations; i-Stems 


( N.V. acer 
acr-is 
acr-i 
acr-em 
acr-i 
acr-€s 
acr-ium 
_acr-ibus 
acr-is (€s) 
acr-ibus 





nostr-a 
nostr-ae 
nostr-ae 
nostr-am 
nostr-a 


nostr-ae 


nostr-arum 


nostr-is 
nostr-ae 
nostr-is 


acr-is 
Acr-is 
acr-i 
acr-em 
acr-1 
acr-€s 
acr-ium 
acr-ibus 


acr-is (€s) 


acr-ibus 


THIRD DECLENSION 


Two terminations; i-Stems 


{ N.V. facil-is 
facil-is 
facil-i 
facil-em 


facil-e 
facil-is 
facil-i 

facil-e 





591. 


SING. ; 


facil-i facil-i 


PLUR. ; 


( N.V. 
G. 





-nostr-um 
nostr-i 
nostr-0 
nostr-um 
nostr-60 


nostr-a 


nostr-Orum 


nostr-is 
nostr-a 
nostr-is 


acr-e 
acr-is 
acr-i 
acr-e 
acr-i 
acr-ia 
acr-ium 
acr-ibus 
acr-ia 
acr-ibus 


facil-és 
facil-ium 
facil-ibus 


facil-is (€s) 


facil-ibus 


One termination; Consonant Stems 


ferax 
ferac-is ferac-is 
ferac-i ferac-i 
c. feradc-em  ferax 


. ferax 





ferac-i(e) ferac-i (e) 


PLUR. ¢ 


{f N.V. 





ferac-és 
ferac-ium 
ferac-ibus 


facil-ia 
facil-ium 
facil-ibus 
facil-ia 
facil-ibus 


feraic-ia 
ferac-ium 
ferac-ibus 


ferac-is (€s) ferac-ia 


ferac-ibus 


ferac-ibus 














TABLE OF DECLENSION 229 
592. THIRD DECLENSION (Continued) 
Comparative; Consonant Stems 
( N.V. fortior fortius [ N.V. fortidr-és fortidr-a 
G. _ fortidr-is fortidr-is G.  fortidr-um fortidr-um 
sING. { D. _ forti6r-i fortiOr-i pLuR. 2 D.  fortidr-ibus _—_fortidr-ibus 
Ac. fortidr-em _fortius Ac. fortidr-is(€s) fortidr-a * 
| Ab. fortidr-e (i) fortidr-e (i) | Ab. fortidr-ibus fortidr-ibus 
593. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 
Mase. Fem. Neut. Mase. Fem, Neut, 
(N. illus illa tllum _ uter utra utrum 
G. _ iillius illius iillius utrius’ utrius utrius 
sinc. { D. alli wlli wlli utri utri utri 
Ac. illum tillam tllum utrum utram utrum 
| Ab. ull6 alla ulls utrd utra utrd 
(N. alli iillae alla utri utrae utra 
G.  itllorum tlarum = ill6rum: utrOrum = utrarum  utrorum 
pLuR.{ D.  illis illis illis utris utris utris 
Ac. illds wllas illa ntrds utras utra 
| Ab. iillis ullis ullis utris utris utris 
List OF ADJECTIVES DECLINED AS ABOVE 
alius alter neuter nillus sdlus totus illus itinus uter 
594. DECLENSION OF Duo AND Trés 
Mase. Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem, Neut, 
({N. duo duae duo trés tria 
G. dudrum duarum dudrum trium trium_ 
PLUR.{ D. dudbus duabus dudbus tribus tribus 
Ac. du6s,duo duas duo trés, tris tria 
| Ab. dudbus duabus dudbus tribus tribus 
595. TABLE OF COMPARISON 
bonus melior optimus cis citerior citimus 
malus péior pessimus in, intra _ interior intimus 
magnus maior maximus prae, pro prior primus 
parvus minor minimus prope propior proximus 
multus pliis plirimus ultra ulterior ultimus 
. extremus ‘ postrémus 
exterus exterior { gatienite .posterus _ posterior postumus 
‘ ne infimus : suprémus 
inferus _ inferior sen se superus —_ superior i iyes.thares 


230 ° THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 














PRONOUNS . 
596. PERSONAL 597. REFLEXIVE 
{f N. ego ti? 
G. mei tul sul 
sinc. 1 D. mihi tibi sibi 
Ac. mé te sé 
| Ab, -mé té sé 
f N. nods vos 
G. nostrum (i) _ vestrum (i) sui 
PLUR. {4 D. nobis vobis sibi 
Ac. - nos vos sé 
| Ab. nobis vobis sé 
598. DEMONSTRATIVE 
(fN. hic haec hoc is ea id 
G. hiius hiius hiius éius éius éius 
sInG. { D.  huic huic huic el el el 
Ac. hunc hanc hdc eum eam id 
| Ab. hdc hac hoc ed ea ed 
Prag hae haec ei (ii) eae ea 
G. horum harum _ horum eorum earum edrum 
PLUR. { D. his his his eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis) 
Ac. hés has haec eds eas ea 
| Ab. his his his els (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis) 
599. 
CN oe? illa illud ipse } ipsa ipsum 
G. _ illius illius illius ipsius ipsius ipsius 
sING. + D. illi illi illi ipsi ipsi ipsi 
Ac. illum illam illud ipsum ipsam ipsum 
| Ab. ill6 |= illa ills ipso ipsa ipso 
‘ ae illae illa ipsi ipsae ipsa 
G. ill6rum illarum _ ill6rum ipsOrum ipsarum  ipsorum 
PLUR. { D. _illis illis _illis ipsis ipsis ipsis 
a Ac. illds illas illa ipsds ipsas ipsa 
| Ab. illis illis illis ipsis ipsis ipsis 








1 In tii and ipse the Vocative is like the Nominative; it is lacking in the 
other pronouns. 
2 iste is declined like ille. 


600. 


SING, 


PLUR. 


601. 


SING, 


PLUR. 


602. 


- SING. 


PLUR. 


er a 











TABLE OF DECLENSION 


INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE 


(N. qui 
G. _ciilus 
D. cul 
Ac. quem 

| Ab. quo 

(N. qui 
G. quorum 
D. quibus 
Ac. quos 

| Ab. quibus 

( N. quis (qui) 
G.  ciiius 
D,” cul 
Ac. quem 

| Ab. quo 

(N. qui 
G. quorum 
D. quibus 
Ac. quds 

| Ab. quibus 

{ N.  aliquis (-qui) 
G. _aliciiius 
D.  alicui 
Ac, aliquem 

| Ab, aliquo 

( N.  aliqui 
G. aliquoérum 
D. aliquibus 
Ac. aliqu6s 

| Ab. aliquibus 


RELATIVE 


quae 
clulius 
cul 
quam 
qua 


quae 
quarum 
quibus 
quas 
quibus 


quae 
cliius 
cul 
quam 
qua 


quae 
quarum 
quibus 


- quas 


quibus 


INDEFINITE 


aliqua 
alictiius 
alicui 
aliquam 
aliqua 


aliquae 
aliquarum 
aliquibus 
aliquas 
aliquibus 


231 


quod 
cilius 
cul 
quod 
quo 


quae 
quorum 
quibus 
quae 
quibus 


quid (quod) 
cilius 

cul 

quid (quod) 
quo 


quae 
quorum 
quibus 
quae 
quibus 


aliquid (-quod) 
alictiius 

alicui 

aliquid (-quod) 
aliqu6 


aliqua 
aliquorum 
aliquibus 
aliqua 
aliquibus 


_ THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


232 


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THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


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TABLE OF CONJUGATION 


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ny-991 
wIn}-991 


ANIGNS 


opus-ga1 
wimnpud-da1 
opud-do1 
Ipuo-3a1 


CNNYAD 
sninj-991 
sug-301 

AH Td IOILAVd 
asso sninj-9a1 


OSSI-X9I 
919-391 


HAILINIANI 


ny-1uow N}-B90A 


win}-1u0Uur WIn}-290A 
opus-uow opuv-90A 
winpud-uour wnpuv-90A 
opus-uour OpuUv-90A 
Ipud-uoUuL Ipuv-00A 
sninj-1uout SNIn}-vO0A 
su9-uoUur SUB-90A 


oSS9 SNIN}-luoul 9SS9 SNIN}-CIOA 


ossi-nuoul OSSI-ALIOA 
919-u0ul 218-J0A 
qU-119 ) 
sij-119 | ~AIpne 
snui-119 -da9 


+9 | -nuow 
S49 | -avooa 
W-l9 | 





aSNAL Loads dg 


VALLVT 
YANAOT 


‘609 


THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


236 


inju-eq-at ) 
TUTUI-Bq-at 
anu-eq-at 


In}-eq-a1 
(a1) sti-eq-at 
1-eq-21 ) 


Inju-nt ) 
Tura] 
INUI-1 


é 


m}-1 
(a1) st-1 
1-0-1 | 


-Ipne 


> -pne 





> -pne 





Inju-eq-3t 
Tutul-eq-3t 
mui-vq-21 


m}-Bq-91 
(a1) sti-eq-o1 
J-eq-al 


mmjyu-nt 
, Url 
mmul-t 


mn}j-1 
(a2) sti-9 
3-0-1 


-ojdeo 


AIIOA AAISSVd :‘NOILVONINOD AO ATAVL 


| -deo 





4 -deo 





inju-eq- 
rurut~eq- 
mul-eq-9 


2 
2 


. -So1 
m}-2q-2 
(92) stu-eq-2 

1-eq-2 | 





ASNA], LOAAVAIWT 


/ 


mju-n 
TULUI-r 
amnui-t 
| -Sor 
*  anj-t 
(21) st-9 


1-0 | 





ASN], LNASAAg 


GOOW FAILVOIGNI 


-93o1 


myu-eq-2 ) 
rurui~eq-9 
amut-eq-2 

+ -u0Ul 
m}-2q-9 
(a1) sti-eq-2 

1-eq-2 ) 





myu-9 ) 
TUrU-3 
mnut-2 
+ -u0Uul 
Inj-2 
(91) st-9 
1-0-2 | 





-guour 


ainju-eq-e 
rurul-eq-e 
mmul-vq-2 


=| 


r “OOA 
inj-2q-2 
(ax) sti-eq-e 
I-Bq-2 | 





inju-e } 
TuIw-v 
mmui-v 
b -90A 
Inj-8 
(a2) su-e 
1-0 





‘OT9 


-BOOA suld}S 


237 


TABLE OF CONJUGATION 


JojU-nI 





-pne 
10}-1 
10}-1 


at 


yunio 
SI}I19 
snullio 


W419 
silo 
O19 


10U-NI 


10}-1 
10}-1 


TuTUr-1 
31-9 


ASNAL LoasAdad AAALAY 


Inju-ot } 
Turul-ot 
mul-at 


} -pne 
Imn}-at 


(24) sti-31 
I-81 | 





Inju-o1 
et en 
INUI-o1 


In}-at 
(21) si-at 
I-81 


ioyu-n 


-deo 


1O}-1 
10}-1 


-301 


aSNG], AYALA 


\ -301 


ASNAL LNasaud 


\ -deo 


GOOW HFAILVaddWI 


jueio 
sijZi9 
snureia 


yeio 
sevio 
wiei2 


raya-t 
91-9 


ASNAL Loadwadn Tg 


, amju-a 
Tulul-9 
anul-9 


+ -deo 

n}- 
(21) st- 
4 I-8 


2 
2 





) 


} -Sol 





aSNA]T, AYNLAT 


30jU-9 





So 
wins 


-uoul 


\ -uoul 


oe 


e ‘ov ‘I 


win *e ‘sn 





\ 


10jU-e 


10}-8 
103-8 


Tulul-v 
a-18 


“ype 
-jdeo 
- =yOor 
-j1uoul 
‘-JBI0A 





4 


ASNA], LOTAIA 


anju-nq-a 
TuIUI-1q-9 
mut-1q-9 


an}-1q-9 
(21) si-aq-2 
1-04-93 


> 


> -UOU 





inju-nq-v 
ruru-Iq-z 
mut-Iq-z 


in}-1q-2 
(a1) st-aq-e 
1-0q-8 


-I0A 


\ -000 


“TT9 


+ -DOA 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


238 


anju-o1-1 
TUTUI-9J-1 
InUI-91-1 


m}-91-1 
(01) st4-91-1 


I-d1-1- 


INjU-vI 
FULCISt 
INUI-vI 


In}-8l 
(a1) Si-et 
J-¥I 


-Ipne 








/ 


inju-1-9 
uIWI-91-9 
INuI-31-9 


In}-91-9 
(a1) sti-91-9 
I-31-9 } 


Inju-et ) 
TUIWI-vI 
InU-vI 


n}-vl 
(91) su-er 
1-eI ) 


-ordeo 








Inju-d1-9 ) 
IUIWI-91-9 
mul-91-3 
| -dol 
In}-a1-9 
(a2) sti-91-90 
J-31-9 


4 





ASN], LOPAYAIW] 


4 


imju-e 
TulUI-z 
mmu-v 
| -dor 
mj-8 
(a2) su-e 
I-e 





4 


ASN], LINASAYg 


GOOW AALLONALans 


-93o1 


amju-a1-9 
TUIW>91-9 
amul-31-3 


I}-24-9 
(01) sti-a1-9 
J-o1-9 


inju-ea 
Tulul-v9 
inul-va 


n}-¥a 
(91) sti-vo 
1-89 


-guour 


ADIOA AAISSVd :‘NOILVDOAL[NOD AO WIAVL 








nju-o1-v ) 
TUTUI-91-¥ 
mnul-91-8 

> “OOA 
n}-91-8 
(a2) sti-a1-e 

I-91-8 | 





inju-9 } 
TaTW-9 
ainul-9 
+ -D0A 
mj-9 
(a1) su-9 
1-2 | 





‘6T9 


-BOOA SuI9}S 


239 


TABLE OF CONJUGATION 


snpudl-pne snpuoi-deo ~ 

sn-jIpne sn-jdeo 

lil WIn-}Ipne lu win-jdeo 
asso sn-jipne essa sn-jdevo : 

I1I-pne 1-deo 

quasso 

sijasso 

snurasso 

asso 

sasso 

wlasso 


ASNAJ, LOaAWadATY 


snpud-so1 snpud-uowl 
sn-}991 sn-}1uoUr 
ATdIOLLAVd 
LI umM-3991 WI umn-jluour 
asso sn-}d01 asso sn-}IuOU 
1-da1 119-uo0wl 
AAILINIANI 
yuis ( 
SIqIs e ‘oe ot 
a snuulls 
ys 
SIS | um ‘e ‘sn 
wis | 





4 


\ 





snpuv-90A AAIGNNYA) 


LIL UIN-}B90A 
ass SN-}BOOA 


-yipne 
-}de9 
-J991 
-}1u0UI 
-JB90A 


ASNAJ, LOTAUAg 


‘Aad 


‘vI9 


“LAT 
‘aaa 
‘saad 


“€19 


THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


TABLE OF CONJUGATION 


IRREGULAR VERBS 


240 

615. 

sum eram ero 
es eras eris 
est erat erit 
sumus eramus erimus 
estis eratis eritis 
sunt erant . erunt 
616. 

sim essem 

sis esses 

sit esset 
simus ess€mus 
sitis essétis 
sint essent 
617. IMPERATIVE MOOD 


es 
PRESENT { 


FUTURE 


619. 


pos-sum 
pot-es 
pot-est 
pos-sumus 
pot-estis 
pos-sunt 


este 


esto 
esto 
estote 
sunto 


INDICATIVE MOOD 


vold 

vis 

vult 
volumus 
vultis 
volunt 


nolo 


INDICATIVE MOOD 


fui fueram 
fuisti fueras 
fuit fuerat 
fuimus fueramus 
fuistis fueratis 


fuérunt (-re) fuerant 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 


fuerd 
fueris 
fuerit 


fuerimus 
fueritis 
fuerint 


fuissem . 
fuissés 
fuisset 
fuissémus 
fuissétis 
fuissent 


fuerim 
fueris 
fuerit 
fuerimus 
fueritis 
fuerint 
618. INFINITIVE 
PRESENT esse 
PERFECT fuisse 
FUTURE fore or futiirus esse 
Fur. Part. futiirus, a, um 


non vis 
non vult 


nolumus 
non vultis 
nolunt 


mals6 
mavis 
mavult 
malumus 
mavultis 
malunt 


fid 
fis 
fit 


fimus 
fitis 
fiunt 





TABLE OF CONJUGATION 


INDICATIVE MOOD (Continued) 








pot-eram volébam nolébam malébam 
pot-erd volam ndlam malam 
pot-ui volui nolui malui 
pot-ueram volueram nolueram malueram 
pot-uerd voluerd noluerd maluerd 
620. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
pos-sim velim nolim malim 
pos-sis velis nolis malis 
pos-sit velit nolit malit 
pos-simus velimus nolimus malimus 
pos-sitis velitis nolitis malitis 
pos-sint velint nolint malint 
pos-sem vellem nollem mallem 
pot-uerim voluerim noluerim maluerim 
pot-uissem voluissem noluissem maluissem 
621. INFINITIVE 
PRESENT _ posse velle nolle malle 
PERFECT __ potuisse voluisse noluisse maluisse 
FUTURE 

622. PARTICIPLE 
PRESENT __ poténs voléns noléns oe 
PERFECT — 
GERUNDIVE —— — — — 
623. INDICATIVE MOOD 

e-6" fer-6 

i-s fer-s 

i-t fer-t 

i-mus fer-i-mus 

i-tis fer-tis 

eu-nt fer-u-nt 

i-ba-m feré-ba-m 

i-b-6 fera-m 

i-v-i (i-1) tul-i 

I-v-era-m tul-era-m 

i-v-er-6 tul-er-6 


BEGIN. LAT. BK.— 16 


241 


fiébam 
fiam 

factus sum 
factus eram 
factus erd 


fiam 

fias 

fiat 

fidmus 
fiatis 

fiant 

fierem 
factus sim 
factus essem 


fieri 
factus esse 
factum iri 





factus - 
faciendus 


fer-o-r 


- fer-ris 


fer-tur 


feri-mur 
feri-mini 
feru-ntur 
feré-ba-r 
fera-r 
la-tus sum 
la-tus eram 
la-tus erd 


242 


624. 


625. 


PRESENT 


626. 
PRESENT 


PERFECT 
FUTURE 


627. 


PRESENT 
FUTURE 
PERFECT 


628. 


! 


2 
4 


THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


ea-m 
ea-s 

ea-t 
ea-mus 
ea-tis 
ea-nt 
j-re-m 
i-y-eri-m 
i-v-isse-m 


I 


-te 


tot reat 
cr cr 


I-re 
I-v-isse 


I-tiir-us esse 


ié-ns 
i-tiir-us 





SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 


fera-m 
fera-s 
fera-t 


fera-mus 
fera-tis 
fera-nt 
fer-re-m 
tul-eri-m 
tul-isse-m 


fera-r 
fera-ris (re) 
fera-tur 


fera-mur 
fera-mini 
fera-ntur 
fer-re-r 
la-tus sim 
la-tus essem 


IMPERATIVE MOOD 


fer 
fer-te 
fer-t6 
fer-td 
fer-tote 
feru-ntd 


INFINITIVE 


fer-re 
tul-isse 
]a-tiirus esse 


PARTICIPLE 


feré-ns 
1a-tiir-us 





GERUND 


eu-ndi, etc. 


i-tum 


SUPINE 


fer-re 
feri-mini 
fer-tor 
fer-tor 





feru-ntor 


fer-ri 
la-tus esse 
1a-tum iri 





fere-ndus 
1a-tus 


fere-ndi, etc. 


1a-tum 


RULES OF SYNTAX 


THE following rules have been given in the body of this book, preceded by 
illustrative examples and notes. They are repeated here for convenience of 
reference. The numbers following the rules refer to the illustrative examples. 


629. Nominative Subject.—The subject of a finite verb is in 
the Nominative case (82). 

630. Adjective. — An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, 
number, and case (382). 

631. Direct Object.— The direct object of a transitive verb is 
_in the Accusative case (42). 

632. Limiting Genitive.— A noun limiting another, and denot- 
ing a different person or thing, is in the Genitive case (52). 

633. Order of Words.— The normal order of a Latin sentence | 
is: subject, modifiers of the subject, modifiers of the verb, verb ; 
but this order is constantly changed for the sake of emphasis (53). 

634. Indirect Object. — The Dative is the case of the indirect 
object, and is used with verbs of giving, and others whose meaning 
permits (58). 

635. Ablative of Separation.— Verbs of depriving and freeing 
take the Ablative without a preposition. In case of other verbs of 
separation the usage varies, some taking the Ablative with a prepo- 
sition, some without, and some admitting either construction (70). 

636. Complementary Infinitive. — The Infinitive is used with 
verbs meaning to decide, hasten, begin, and in general with those 
requiring a second action of the same subject to complete their 
meaning (74). . 

637. Predicate Nominative. — A noun in the predicate with an 
intransitive or passive verb, agrees with the subject in case (75). 

243 


244 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


638. Appositive.— A noun limiting another, and denoting the 
same person or thing, is said to be in apposition with it, and 
agrees with it in case (75). 


639. Ablative of Specification. — The Ablative is used to ex- 
press that in respect to which anything is, or is done (94). 


640. Ablative of Accompaniment.— The Ablative with cum is 
used to express accompaniment, but in military phrases cum may _ 
be omitted (114). 


641. Adjectives as Substantives. — Plural adjectives are used 
quite. frequently as substantives, the masculine to denote persons, 
the neuter to denote things (119). 


642. Double Dative. — The Latin often uses a Dative of the 
object for which together with another Dative of the person for 
whom, where the English uses a predicate noun, and an indirect 
object. This is called the Double Dative, and is used principally 
with the verb sum (129). 


643. Accusative of Time and Space. — Duration of time and 
extent of space are expressed by the Accusative (141). 


644. Dative of the Possessor.— The Dative is used with sum 
and similar verbs to denote the possessor (146). 


645. Agreement of Relative.— The relative pronoun agrees 
with its antecedent in gender, number, and person ; but its case 
depends upon its relation to other words in the sentence (148). 


646. Ablative of Quality or Description. — The Ablative, with 
an adjective in agreement with it, is used to express quality (157). 


647. Ablative of Time.— Time when, or within which, is ex- 
pressed by the Ablative (167). 


648. Ablative Absolute.— A noun or pronoun limited by a par- 
ticiple is often used in the construction called the Ablative Absolute, 
to express the time or other circumstances of an action (176). 


NoTE.— Two nouns or a noun and an adjective may be used together in 
the Ablative Absolute (178). 


RULES OF SYNTAX 245 


649. Ablative of Cause.— The Ablative is used with or without 
a preposition to denote cause (184). 


Note. —The prepositions dé and ex with the Ablative, and ob and 
propter with the Accusative, are used to express cause (184). 


650. Ablative of Manner.— The manner in which an act is 
performed is expressed by a noun in the Ablative with cum when 
it has no qualifying adjective, by the Ablative with or without cum 
when it has a qualifying adjective (192). 


651. Ablative with Comparatives. — The Ablative is used after 
the comparative when quam is omitted, but when it is expressed 
the same case follows as precedes (204). 


Nore. — Quam may be used with any case preceding; it eed mot be used 
after the Nominative or Accusative; it must be used after the other cases. 


652. Use of Comparative. — The comparative is sometimes 
used to express a rather high or too high a degree of the quality 
(205, 1). 


653. Use of Superlative.— The superlative is often used to 
express not the highest, but a very high, degree of the quality 
(205, 2). 


654. Ablative of Means. — The means or instrument of an 
action is expressed by the Ablative without a preposition (224). 


655. Prepositions. — The following prepositions govern the 


Ablative only : A, ab, or abs, absque, dé, 


Coram, palam, cum, ex, 6, 
Sine, tenus, pr6 and prae. 


In, sub, subter, and super govern both Ablative and Accusative. 
All other prepositions govern the Accusative only (228). 


656. Special Rules for Prepositions. — 


1. Ab is used where motion away from a place is indicated. 

2. Ex is used where motion ow¢ of a place is indicated. 

3. In and sub govern the Accusative with verbs of motion, the 
Ablative with verbs of rest (229). 


246 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


657. Ablative of the Agent. — The voluntary agent of an action 
is expressed by a or ab with the Ablative case (280). 


658. Adjectives of Order and Succession. — Adjectives of order 
and succession, including superlatives and some comparatives, 
denote what part of an object is meant (287). 


659. Alius and Alter.— Alius and alter, repeated in another 
case, express briefly a double statement (251). 


660. Indirect Discourse, Simple Sentences. — Statements after 
verbs and other expressions of saying, perceiving, thinking, and 
the like are expressed by the Infinitive with a subject in the Accu- 
sative (263). 

661. Ablative of Degree of Difference.— The Ablative is used 
without a preposition to express the degree of difference between 
two persons or things (267). 


662. Dative with Adjectives.—The Dative is used with adjec- 
tives denoting resemblance, fitness, nearness, and the like, with 
their opposites (289). 

Note. — Adjectives of fitness may take an Accusative with ad. 


663. Dative with Intransitives.— Some verbs, intransitive in 
Latin, though apparently transitive, are followed by a Dative of 
the indirect object. Such are verbs denoting to favor, help, 
please, trust, and their contraries ; also to obey, serve, resist, 
envy, threaten, pardon, and spare (294). 


664. Partitive Genitive. — Words denoting a part are used with 
a Genitive of the whole to which the part belongs (299). 

Nore. — Cardinal numbers and quidam generally take the Ablative with 
ex or dé to express the whole of which a part is taken, the ordinals generally 
take the partitive Genitive (300). . 

665. Time of Infinitive. — The Infinitive expresses time relative 
to that of the verb upon which it depends (304). 

666. Dative with Compounds.— Most verbs compounded with 
ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super, and 
some with circum, are used with the Dative case (810). 


RULES OF SYNTAX 247 


667. Ablative with Deponents. —Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, 
and vescor, with their compounds, take the Ablative (316). 


668. Two Accusatives.— Verbs of naming, making, choosing, 
calling, and showing take two Accusatives, one of the person or 
thing affected, the other a predicative Accusative (857). 

Note. —In the passive the direct object becomes the subject, and the 
predicate Accusative the predicate Nominative. 

669. Constructions of Place.—1. The place from which is reg- 
ularly expressed by the Ablative with a preposition, regularly ab, 
dé, or ex; but names of towns and small islands, also domus and 
rus, omit the yreposition (893). 

2. The place to which is regularly expressed by the Accusative 
with a preposition ; but names of towns and small islands, also 
domus and rus, omit the preposition (394). 

3. The place in which is regularly expressed by the Ablative 
with the preposition in; but names of towns and small islands, also 
domus and ris, are put into the Locative (895). 

Note.— The Locative has the same form as the Genitive in singulars of the 
first and second declensions; ,but in singulars of the third declension and in all 
plurals the same as the Dative or Ablative. The Locative forms of domus 
and ris are domi and rari. 

670. The Subjunctive.— The Subjunctive is used in indepen- 
dent clauses to express — 

1. An exhortation, a command, a prohibition: the Hortatory 
Subjunctive. 

2. A wish: the Optative Subjunctive. 

3. A possibility: the Potential Subjunctive. 

4. Doubt or indignation in questions: The Dubitative Subjunc- 
tive (401). 

671. Sequence of Tenses.—In complex sentences a primary 
tense in the principal clause is followed by a primary in the 
subordinate ; a secondary by a secondary (410). 


672. Clauses of Purpose. — In clauses of purpose the Subjunc- 
tive is used with ut affirmative and né negative (419). 


248 THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


673. Verbs of Fearing. — Verbs and other expressions of fear- 
ing are followed by the Subjunctive with né affirmative and ut 
negative (426). 


674. Relative Clauses of Purpose. — Clauses introduced by 
relatives and used to express purpose have their verbs in the 
Subjunctive, and follow the general laws for the sequence of 
tenses (434). 


675. Clauses of Result.—1. Pure result is expressed by the 
Subjunctive with ut affirmative, ut non negative (441). 

2. After expressions of doubt, hindrance, and the like, the 
Subjunctive with quin is used (441). 


676. Subjunctive of Characteristic.— The Subjunctive is used, 
especially after expressions of existence and non-existence and 
questions implying a negative answer, to express a characteristic 
or essential quality of the subject (448). 


677. Indirect Questions. — An indirect question is expressed by 
the Subjunctive (454). 


678. Conditions. — More Vivid Future.— The Future (or Fu- 
ture Perfect) Indicative is used in the protasis of more vivid 
future conditions, and the Future Indicative in the apodosis (468). 


679. Conditions. — Less Vivid Future.— The Present (or Per- 
fect) Subjunctive is used in the protasis of less vivid future con- 
ditions, and the Present Subjunctive in the apodosis (468). 


680. Conditions. —Contrary to Fact.— The Imperfect and Plu- 
perfect Subjunctive are used in both protasis and apodosis in con- 
ditions contrary to fact, the Imperfect to express present time 
and the Pluperfect to express past time (474). 


681. Cum Causal and Concessive. — Cum is followed by the Sub- 
junctive when introducing causal and concessive clauses (487). 


682. Temporal Clauses.—1. The particles postquam, ubi, simul 
atque (simul ac) take the Indicative, usually the Perfect, 


RULES OF SYNTAX 249 


2. Cum temporal is used with the Subjunctive when the cir- 
cumstance or action depends upon another, or when the time 
is described. It is used with the Indicative when the time is 
made emphatic or defined (494). 


Nore. — In narrative cum temporal is almost always used with the Imper- 
fect or Pluperfect Subjunctive. 


683. The Imperative. —1. The Present Imperative is used in 
commands or entreaties, but where distinct reference is made to 
future time, the Future Imperative is used (504). 

2. In prohibitions né with the Perfect Subjunctive, or noli 
(ndlite) with the Infinitive, is used (504). 


684. The Gerund.— The Gerund, as a noun, has the construc- 
tion of other nouns, and, as a verb, retains its power of governing 
an object (517). 


685. The Gerundive.— The gerundive is used by preference 
instead of the Gerund when the latter would, if used, take a direct 
object. This object is then put into the case in which the Gerund, 
if used, would have been, and the Gerundive agrees with it in~ 
gender, number and case (519). 


Notr.— The Gerund and Gerundive are used to express purpose (519). 


686. The Supine.— The former Supine is used with verbs of 
motion to express the purpose of the motion (526). 


687. The latter Supine is used with some adjectives and a few 
other words to express the act in reference to which the quality is 
asserted (525). 


688. Dative of the Agent.— The person upon whom the duty, 
necessity or obligation of an act rests is expressed by the use of 
the Dative of the agent with the second periphrastic conjuga- 
tion (537). 

689. Indirect Discourse. —In the indirect discourse the verbs 
of the principal propositions are in the Infinitive, the verbs of the 
subordinate propositions in the Subjunctive (548). 


f., fem. 
fut. 
Gen. 
Impf. 
Ind. 


ind. disc. 


indef. 
Inf. 
inter. 


TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 





= Ablative. 

= absolute. 

= Accusative. 
= active. 

= adjective. 

= adverb. 

= adverbial phrase. 
= apposition. 
= article. 

= comparative. 
= conjunction. 
= conjugation. 
= correlative. 
= Dative. 

= declension. 
= defective. 

= derivative. 

= English. 

= and so forth. 
= feminine. 

= future. 

= Genitive. 

= Imperfect. 

= Indicative. 

= indirect discourse. 
= indefinite. 

= Infinitive. 

= interrogative. 





250 


lit. = literally. 
m., masc. = masculine. 
neut. = neuter. 
Nom. = Nominative. 
n. = note. 
part. = participle. 
part. = partitive. 
pass. = passive. 
per. = person. 
Perf., Pf. = Perfect. 
pl. = plural. 
Plup. = Pluperfect. 
pos. = positive. 
post-posit. = post-positive. 
_ pred. = predicate. 
prep. = preposition. 
Pres. = Present. 
princ. = principal. 
pron. = pronoun. 
R. = root. 
rel. = relative. 
s. sing. = singular. 
subj. = subject. 
subst. = substantive. 
superl. = superlative. 
Voc. = Vocative. 
vocab. = vocabulary. 
w. = with. 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 





A 


a, ab, or abs, prep. with Abl., from, away 
Jrom, by. 

abdtico, ere, diixi, ductus, /ead away, 
take away. 

abe, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go away, depart. 

abhinc, adv. (of past time), w. Acc. or 
Abl., ago, since. 

abicio, ere, iéci, iectus, ¢hrow away, throw 
down, abandon. 

abscido, ere, 1, scisus, dreak off, cut off or 
away. 

absum, esse, afui, futiirus, de away from, 
be absent. 

ac, conj., and. 

accédo, ere, cessi, cessus, draw near, 
approach. 

accido, ere, cidi, —, happen, occur; w. 
Dat. pers., happen to. 

accipio, ere, cépi, ceptus, accept, receive, 
entertain (as guest). 

acer, cris, cre, adj., sharp, eager, fierce. 

acerbus, a, um, adj., dztter, sour. 

acervus, i, m., heap, pile. 

aciés, é1, f., edge, line of battle, battle line. 

acriter, adv., sharply, fiercely. 

ad, prep. w. Acc., 20, toward, near to, by, 
at, for. 

addiico, ere, dixi, ductus, Zead to or 
towards, induce, persuade, 

adeo, ire, ivi or il, itus, go 70, approach, 
visit, 

adequito, are, avi, atus, ride towards, 
w. ad. 

adfero, ferre, attuli, adlatus, dring 70, 

. report. 

aditus, tis, m., approach, access. 

Admété, és, f., Admete. 





administro, are, avi, atus, manage, per- 
form, accomplish. : 

admiror, ari, atus sum, wonder at, ad- 
mire, 

adorior, iri, tus sum, approach, attack. 

adrogantia, ae, f., arrogance, pride. 

adsentior, iri, sénsus sum, agree with, 
assent to. 

adsequor, i, seciitus sum, pursue, come 
up with. 

adsum, esse, fui, futirus, de xear, be 
present ; w. Dat., assist, 

Aduatuci, drum, m. pl., the Aduatuci, a 
people of Gaul. 

adventus, Us, m., approach, arrival. 

adversus, a, um, adj., turned towards, 
opposite. 

adverso colle, wp Ail/. 

advoco, are, avi, atus, ca//, summon. 

aedificium, i, n., duc/ding. 

Aedui, drum, m. pl., Aedui, a tribe in 
Gaul. 

aeger, gra, grum, adj., szc. 

aéneus, a, um, adj., of bronze, brazen. 

aequaliter, adv., equally, uniformly. 

aequus, a, um, adj., egual, fair. 

aestas, atis, f., summer; aestate inita, 
in the beginning of summer. 

aetas, atis, f., /ife, age. 

ager, gri, m., field, territory. 

agger, eris, m., ampart, mound. 

aggredior, gredi, gressus sum, go 70, 
approach, attack. 

agmen, inis, n., /éze, army on the march. 

agmen claudo, bring up the rear. 

agnus, i, m., Zamd, 

ago, ere, égi, actus, do, drive, move, con- 
struct, plead. 

ago gratias tibi, / thank you. 


251 


252 


agrestis, e, adj., country, rural. 

agricola, ae, m., farmer. 

agricultira, ae, f., agriculture. 

alacritas, atis, f., eagerness, alacrity. 

alarius, a, um, adj., of the wing. 

alarii, drum, m. pi., auxiliaries. 

aliénus, a, um, adj., belonging to another, 
strange, unfriendly, 

alid, adv., elsewhere. 

aliquis, aliquid, indef. pron., some one, 
some body, some thing. 

alius, a, ud, pronom. adj., eaeees other ; 
alius ... alius, ove ... another; alii 
aliam in partem, some in one direc- 
tion, others in another. 

Allobrogés, um, m. pl., he Allobroges, a 
warlike people in Gaul. 

Alpés, ium, f. pl., te Alps. 

alter, era, erum, pronom. adj., the other 
of two, the other, the one of two; alter 
... alter, the one... the other. 

altitido, inis, f., Aeigh?, altitude. 

altus, a, um, adj., igh, deep. 

Amazon, onis, f., az Amazon, a warlike 
woman. 

amicitia, ae, f., friendship. 

amicus, a, um, adj., /rzendly. 

amicus, i, m., frend. 

amittd, ere, misi, missus, sezd away, 
dismiss, lose. 

amnis, is, m., river, stream. 


amplius, indec., n. comp. of amplus, 
more, further; w. numerals, more 
than. 


amplus, a, um, adj., /arge, wide, ample. 

ancora, ae, f., azchor. 

angustus, a, um, adj., zavrow. 

animal, alis, n., avimad. 

animus, i, m., wind, courage, disposition. 

annus, i, m., year. 

ante, prep. w. Acc., defore, in front of. 

ante, adv., before, previously. 

antiquitus, adv., zz former times, an- 
ciently, long ago. 

aper, pri, m., w7/d doar. 

apertus, a, um, adj., open. 

appelld, are, avi, atus, cad/, address, 
call by name. 

appropingud, are, avi, atus, come near, 
approach. 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


apud, prep. w. Acc., among, with. 

aqua, ae, f., water. 

Aquitani, orum, m. pl., te Aguitani, the 
people of Aquitania. 

Aquitania, ae, f., Aguitania, a division 
of Gaul. 

Arar, aris, m., a river in Gaul, now the 
Saone. 

arbitror, ari, atus sum, ¢hink, suppose, 
believe. 

arbor, oris, f., zvee. 

Arcadia, ae, f., Arcadia, a mountainous 
province in Greece. 

arcesso, ere, ivi, itus, sezd for, summon. 

Ariovistus, 1, m., Aviovistus, the king of 
a German tribe. 

arma, Orum, n. pl., arms. 

armati, Orum, m. pl., armed men. 

armiger, erl, m., armor bearer. 

armo, are, avi, atus, arm, equip. 

ars, artis, f., art, skill, 

ascend6, ere, 1, scénsus, go up, mount up, 
climd. 

ascénsus, Us, m., ascent. 

asporto, are, avi, atus, carry away. 

at, conj., but, but indeed, yet, however. 

Athéna, ae, f., Athene. 

Athénae, arum, f. pl., Athens. 

Atlas, antis, m., Az/as, a fabled king of 
Mauretania. 

atque, conj., azd, and so, and even. 

attingo, ere, tigi, tactus, touch, reach. 

auceps, cipis, m., d¢7d catcher. 

auctor, Oris, m., author. 

auctoritas, atis, f., authority, influence, 
reputation. 

audacia, ae, f., dol/dness, daring, audacity, 
amsolence. 

audacius, comp. adv., more boldly, too 

boldly. 

audax, acis, adj., do/d, daring. 

audeo, ére, ausus sum, dare. 

audio, ire, ivi, itus, Zear. 

aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus, carry off 
or away. 

Augéas, ae, m., Augeas. 

aureus, a, um, adj., of gold, golden. 

aurum, I, n., gold. 

aut, conj., ov; aut... aut, ether... 
or. 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


autem, post-posit. conj., dut, moreover, 
however. 

auxilium, i, n., azd, help. 

avaritia, ae, f., greed, avarice. 

averto, ere, i, versus, turn away, avert, 
turn; aversum hostem, the back of an 
enemy. 

avis, is, f., dird. 

Axona, ae, m., a river in Gaul, now the 
Aisne. 


B 


barbarus, a, um, foreign, strange, barba- 
rous. 

barbarus, i, m., foreiguer, stranger, bar- 
darian. 

Belgae, arum, m. pl., the Belgae, a war- 
like people of N. Gaul. 

bellicdsus, a, um, adj., wardike. 

bellé, are, avi, atus, wage or carry on 
war, war. 

Bellovaci, drum, m. pl., he Bellovaci, a 
people in Gaul. 

bellum, i, n., wav. 

bélua, ae, f., deast, monster, animal. 

bene, adv., wed/, successfully. 

benefactor, Oris, m., dexefactor. 

beneficium, i, n., 2indness, favor, bene- 
jit. 

benigné, adv., Aindly, courteously. 

Bibracte, is, n., Bzdraczte, the chief town 
of the Aedui, now Autun. 

Bibrax, actis, f., Bidrax, a town of the 
Remi, now Biévre. 

Bibulus, i, m.,a proper name. JZ Cal- 
purnius Bibulus, consul with Caesar. 

biceps, cipitis, adj., two-headed. 

biduum, i, n., space of two days, two days. 

Bistonés, um, m. pl., the Bistones, a 
people of Thrace. 

bonus, a, um, adj., good. 

bonum, i, n., @ good thing. 

bos, bovis, m. and f.,, ox, dull, cow, 

brevis, e, adj., short, brief. 


Cc 


C., abbreviation for Gaius. 
c., abbreviation for centum, oe hundred. 
caelum, i, n., sky, heaven, 





253 


Caesar, aris, m., C. Fudius Caesar [100- 
44 B.C.]. 

calamitas, Atis, f., disaster, calamity. 

calcar, aris, n., spur. 

cald, Onis, m., soldier's servant, camp 
follower. 

calor, Oris, m., eat. 

campus, i, m., plain, field. 

canis, is, m. and f., dog. 

capio, ere, cépi, captus, Zake, seize, cap- 
ture, choose, form. 

capra, ae, f., she-goat. 

captivus, i, m., captive, prisoner. 

captus, a, um, adj., ‘aken, charmed. 

caput, itis, n., Zead. 

carcer, eris, m., prison, jail, 

caré, adv., dearly. 

caro, carnis, f., flesh. 

carpo, ere, si, tus, Zick, pluck, gather. 

carrus, i, m., ¢wo-wheeled wagon. 

carus, a, um, adj., dear, precious, 

castellum, i, n., /o77, stronghold, fortress, 
redoubt. 

Casticus, i, m., Casticus. 

castra, drum, n. pl., cam. 

casus, tis, m., chance, accident, event, 
misfortune. 

caténa, ae, f., chain. 

Catilina, ae, m., Cati/ine, a conspirator 
against Rome. 

causa, ae, f., cause, reason; causa, for 
the sake of, w. Gen.; in this sense it 
follows the word which it governs, 

celeritas, atis, f., swz/tness, quickness, 
Speed. 

celeriter, adv., guickly; celerrimé, superl. 
deg., very guickiy; quam celerrimé, as 
quickly as possible, 

célo, are, avi, atus, conceal. 

Celtae, arum, m. pl., tre Celts, a people 
of Gaul. 

centum, indec. adj., a hundred. 

centuri6, Onis, m., captain, centurion. 

Cerberus, i, m., Cerderus,a three-headed 
monster, 

certé, adv., certainly, surely, of course. 

certior factus, Laving been informed. 

certus, a, um, adj., certain, sure. 

cervus, i, m., stag, deer. 

circiter, adv., adouz, near. 


254 


circum, prep. w. Acc., 
near. 

circumeo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go around, 
surround. 

circumvenio, ire, véni, ventus, 
around, surround. 

cis, citra, prep. w. Acc., on this side of. 

citerior, ius, comp. adj., Ai¢her. 

Civis, is, m. and f., citizen. 

civitas, atis, f., staze. 

clam, adv., secretly. 

clamor, Oris, m., shout, clamor. 

clarus, a, um, adj., clear, famous, cele- 
brated. 

claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, close, shut, 
Shut up. 

claudo agmen, bring up the rear. 

clava, ae, f., clud. 

coepi, isse, def, verb, degin. 

cognosco, ere, novi, nitus, /earn, find out, 
know, understand, 

c0go, ere, coégi, coactus, drive together, 
collect, compel. 

cohors, ortis, f., 
cohort, 

cohortor, ari, atus sum, exhort, encour- 
age. 

collis, is, m., 22//. 

columba, ae, f., dove, pigeon. 

columna, ae, f., column, pillar. 

commeatus, Us, m., a going to and fro, 
provisions. 

commemoro, are, avi, atus, ca// to mind, 
relate. 

committo, ere, misi, missus, commit, 
begin, join, wage. 

commoved, ére, movi, modtus, move, ex- 
cite, alarm, disturb. 

communio, ire, ivi, itus, fortify on all 
sides, fortify. 

comparo, are, avi, atus, get together, pre- 
pare, arrange. 

compelld, ere, puli, pulsus, drive éo- 
gether, drive, move. 

compleo, ére, évi, étus, f// completely, 
fill. 

compono, ere, posui, positus, place ¢o- 
gether, arrange, compare. 

conatus, Us, m., attempt, trial, under- 
faking, 


around, about, 


come 


company of soldiers, 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


concédo, ere, cessi, cessus, retire, with- 
draw, yield, concede. 

concidd, ere, cidi, cisus, cut to pieces, 
kill, destroy. 

concilium, i, n., council. 

conclamo, are, avi, atus, shout aloud, 
cry out, shout. 

concordia, ae, f., concord, harmony. 

condicio, Onis, f., condition, agreement, 
terms. 

conditor, Oris, m., founder. 

condo, ere, didi, ditus, put together, 
Sound, establish, hide. 

condtico, ere, duxi, ductus, /ead together, 
hire. 

confero, ferre, tuli, 
gether. 

confertus, a, um, adj., crowded; confer- 
tissimo agmine, zz a densely compact 
body, in a solid mass. 

conficid, ere, féci, fectus, complete, ac- 
complish, finish. 

confido, ere, fisus sum, ve/y upon, trust, 
w. Dat. 

confirm6, are, avi, atus, confirm, establish, 
strengthen, 

confugio, ere, figi, —, fee for refuge. 

conicid, ere, iéci, iectus, url, throw 
together. 

coniungo, ere, iinxi, iinctus, join ¢0- 
gether, unite. 

conitiratio, Onis, f., comspiracy. 

coniiird, are, avi, atus, swear together, 
conspire. 

conligo, ere, légi, lectus, cod/ect. 

conloco, are, avi, atus, arrange, place, 
set, station. 

conloquium, i, 
colloquium, 

conloquor, qui, citus sum, ¢a/k together, 
converse. 

conor, ari, atus sum, /7y, attempt. 

cOnsanguineus, i, m., 27zsman. 

conscribo, ére, scripsi, scriptus, evro/d, 
enlist. 

cOnsénsus, Us, m., consent. 

consenti0, ire, sénsi, s€nsus, agree, con- 
spire. : 

cOnsequor, qui, citus sum, pursue, over- 
take. 


latus, bring to- 


n., dialogue, conference, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


consero, ere, ui, tus, jozz; conserere 
manus, join battle. 

conservo, are, avi, atus, preserve, save. 

consido, ere, sédi, sessus, seftle, encamp. 

consilium, i, n., counsel, plan. 

conspectus, Us, m., sigh/, view. 

conspicor, ari, atus sum, see, perceive. 

constituo, ere, ui, tus, station, agree 
upon, decide, appoint. 

consuésco, ere, évi, étus, decome accus- 
tomed, be accustomed, 

consuétudo, inis, f., custom. 

consul, is, m., consul, one of the two 
highest Roman magistrates, chosen 
annually. 

consumo, ere, simpsi, simptus, wse uf, 
consume, destroy. 

contemno, ere, tempsi, temptus, despise, 
contemn., 

contend, ere, tendi, tentus, stvive, con- 
tend, hasten. 

contentio, Onis, f., contention, exertion. 

contentus, a, um, adj., contented, con- 
tent, satisfied. 

continenter, adv., continuously. 

contineo, ére, ui, tentus, 4o/d in, restrain, 
contain, check, 

continuus, a, um, adj., continuous, 

contra, prep. w. Acc., against. 

contraho, ere, traxi, tractus, draw (fo- 
gether, collect, produce, 

contumélia, ae, f., abuse, reproach. 

convenid, ire, véni, ventus, come fo- 
gether, assemble, 

converto, ere, i, versus, ‘urn adout, 
change. 

convoco, are, avi, atus, call together, 
SUMMON, 

copia, ae, f., supply, abundance; pl., 
troops, supplies. 

copiae domesticae, f. pl., supplies from 
home. 

cor, cordis, n., heart. 

coram, prep. w. Abl., 72 the presence of. 

cornu, Us, n., horn, wing. 

corpus, oris, n., dody. 

corripio, ere, ui, reptus, seize, take hold 
of, snatch, 

corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, destroy, 
ruin, 





255 


cottidianus, a, um, adj., daily. 

cottidié, adv., daily, each day. 

cras, adv., to-morrow. 

Crassus, i, m., Crassus. 

Crastinus, i, m., C. Crastinus. 

créber, bra, brum, adj., frequent, numer- 
ous. 

crédo, ere, didi, ditus, delieve. 

creo, are, avi, atus, make, elect. 

Créta, ae, f., Crete, an island in the Medi- 
terranean Sea. 

Créticus, a, um, adj., Cretan, of Crete. 

cridélis, e, adj., cred. 

crux, crucis, f., cross; tollere in crucem, 
crucify. 

culpa, ae, f., fault, blame. 

culpo, are, avi, atus, dame, censure. 

cum, prep. w. Abl., wth, along with, in 
company with. 

cum, conj., when, since, although, after, 
while. 

cupiditas, atis, f., desire, greed. 

cupidus, a, um, adj., desirous of. 

cupio, ere, ivi, itus, desire, wish, 

ctir, adv., why. 

cura, ae, f., care, anxiety. 

Curés, ium, m. and f. pl., Cures, ancient 
town of the Sabines. 

curro, ere, cucurri, cursus, v7, hasten. 

currus, iis, m., chariot, car. . 

custodio, ire, ivi, itus, watch, guard. 

cuistos, ddis, m. and f., eward, attendant. 

cymba, ae, f., doat, skiff. 


D 


dé, prep. w. Abl., down, down from, con- 
cerning, about, of. 

débed, ére, ui, itus, owe, ought, 

decem, indec, num., fen. 

décerno, ere, crévi, crétus, decide, de- 
cree. : 

décerpo, ere, si, tus, fear off, gather, de- 
stroy. 

decimus, a, um, ord. num., Zenzh. 

decumanus, a, um, adj., decuman, rear. 


dédo, ere, didi, ditus, sive up, surren- 
der. 


256 


déduco, ere, duxi, ductus, /ead down or 
away, withdraw. 

défatigo, are, avi, atus, wear out, ex- 
haust. 

défendo, ere, i, fénsus, defend. 

défero, ferre, tuli, latus, dear down, re- 
port. 

défessus, a, um, adj., wearied. 

déiciO, ere, iéci, iectus, Aurl or throw 
down. 

deinde, adv., afterwards, then. 

délecto, are, avi, atus, amuse. 

déleo, ére, évi, étus, /ay low, destroy, an- 
nthilate. 

déligo, are, avi, atus, dind fast. 

déligo, ere, légi, léctus, choose, select. 

Delos, i, f., Delos, an island in the 
Aegaean Sea. 

démonstro, are, avi, atus, point out, 
Show, prove, indicate. 

démum, adv., at last, finally. 

dénique, adv., at Zast. 

déns, dentis, m., Zooth. 

dénsus, a, um, adj., hick, dense. 

dépono, ére, posui, positus, /ay aside, 
give up. 

déporto, are, avi, atus, dear of, bring 
home. 

dérideo, ére, risi, risus, /augh at, de- 
ride. 

déscendo, ere, i, scénsus, come down, 
descend. 

désidero, are, avi, atus, Jong for, miss. 


désino, ere, sii, —, cease, leave off. 
désisto, ere, stiti, stitus, cease, desist 
rom, 


déspéro, are, avi, atus, despair of. 

désum, esse, fui, futirus, w. Dat., fazd, 
be lacking to, desert. 

déterior, ius, comp. adj., worse. 

deus, i, m., god. 

dévinco, ere, vici, victus, overcome, sub- 
due, 

dexter, tra, trum, adj., ~igh?. 

Diana, ae, f., Diana, a goddess. 

dico, ere, dixi, dictus, say, speak, relate, 
appoint, tell. 

dictum, 1, n., saying, word. 

diés, éi, m. or f., day. 

difficilis, e, adj., dificult. 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


dignus, a, um, adj. w. the Abl., worthy, 
deserving. _ 

diligenter, adv., carefully, diligently, 
promptly, 

dimitt0, ere, misi, missus, sexd apart, 
dismiss, release. 

Diomédés, is, m., Diomedes, king of the 
Bistones in Thrace. 

discéd0, ere, cessi, cessus, go away, 
depart, leave. 

discidium, i, n., discord, quarrel. 

discipulus, i, m., pupil. 

dispono, ere, posui, positus, dispose, ar- — 
range, station, 

dissimilis, e, adj., wlike, dissimilar. 

distineo, ére, ui, tentus, Zold apart, keep 
asunder, separate. 

dit, adv., for a long time, long. 

dititius, comp. adv., any longer. 

diversus, a, um, adj., different, diverse, 
opposite. 
Helvetians. 

dividd, ere, visi, visus, separaze, di- 
vide. 

divisus, a, um, part., divided, separated, 

Divitiacus, i, m., Divitiacus. 

divitiae, arum, f. pl., wealth, riches. 

do, dare, dedi, datus, give, permit, yield, 
grant, offer. 

doce, ére, ui, tus, teach, show; doctus 
litteris, earned. 

doleo, ére, ui, iturus, fee/ pain, suffer 
pain, grieve for. 

dolus, 1, m., guile, fraud, deceit. 

domesticus, a, um, adj., domestic; do- 
mesticae cOpiae, supplies from home. 

dominus, i, m., master, lord. 

domus, tis and i, f., Zouse, home. 

dormio, ire, ivi or ii, ittrus, sleep. 

dubito, are, avi, atus, Zesitate, doudt. 

ducenti, ae, a, card. num., two hundred. 

diico, ere, dUxi, ductus, /ead, draw, con- 
sider, think, extend. 

dulcis, e, adj., sweet, pleasant. 

dum, conj., while, until. 

Dumnorix, igis, m., Dumnorix, an 
Aeduan. 

duo, duae, duo, card. num., fwo. 

dux, ducis, m., /eader, commander. 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


E 


é, ex, prep. w. Abl., out of, from. 

€d0, ere, didi, ditus, put forth, make, 
cause, 

&diicd, ere, diixi, ductus, Zead out. 

ego, mel, pers. pron., /. 

égredior, gredi, gressus sum, go out. 

égregié, adv., excellently, exceedingly. 

égregius, a, um, adj., exced/ent, remark- 
able, eminent, 

éheu, interjection, alas / 

Gicid, ere, iéci, iectus, cast out, drive 
out, expel, 

Elis, idis, f., Elis, a district of the Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

émittd, ere, misi, missus, sexd out, let 
out, hurl, 

emo, ere, €mi, émptus, duy. 

énascor, i, natus sum, spring forth, 
arise. 

enim, conj., post-posit., for. 

€0, ire, ivi or il, itus, go. 

epistula, ae, f., etter, epistle. 

equa, ae, f., mare. 

eques, itis, m., Zorseman. 

equester, tris, tre, adj., pertaining to a 
horseman, equestrian. 

equestrés copiae, f. pl., cavalry forces. 

equitatus, Us, m., cavalry. 

equus, i, m., 4orse, 

éripio, ere, ul, reptus, szatch away, take 
away. 

éruditus, a, um, adj., earned, well-in- 
Sormed, educated, 

éruptio, onis, f., dreaking out, sally. 

Erymanthus, i, m., Z~ymanthus, a chain 
of mountains in Arcadia; Eryman- 
thius, a, um, adj., Arymanthian. 

Erythia, ae, f., Z7y¢hia, an island in the 
Bay of Cadiz. 

et, conj., and. 

et... .et, doth... and. 

etiam, conj., a/so, and also, even, and 
even. 

Eurystheus, i, m., Zurystheus, a king of 
Mycenae. 

Eurytion, onis, m., Zurytion. 

évado, ere, vasi, vasus, 20 forth, escape. 

éventus, tis, m., event, result, issue, 

BEGIN. LAT. BK. —17 





257 


ex, prep. w. Abl., see 6. 

exeo, ire, ivi or il, itus, go out or forth, 
£0 away, depart. 

exerceo, ére, ul, itus, tain, exercise, 

exercitatio, Onis, f., exercise, practice. 

exercitus, Us, m., army. 

eximius, a, um, adj., semarkadle, illustri- 
ous, 

existim6, are, Avi, atus, ¢hink, believe, 
suppose, 

expeditus, a, um, adj., unencumbered, 
Sree. 

expello, ere, puli, pulsus, drive out, 
expel, banish. 

explorator, Oris, m., scout. 

expugno, are, avi, atus, fake by assault, 
assault, storm, 

exsisto, ere, stiti, stitus, stand forth, 
exist, appear. 

exspecto, are, avi, atus, await, expect, 
wait for. 

exstruo, ere, strixi, striictus, Azle uf, 
construct, raise. 

exterreo, ére, ui, itus, /righien, terrify. 

extrémus, a, um, adj., outermost, extreme, - 
the end of. 


F 


| fabula, ae, f., fadle, story. 


facile, adv., easily. 

facilis, e, adj., easy. 

facio, ere, féci, factus, make, do, put, 
conclude, finish. 

facultas, atis, f., supply, opportunity. 

falld, ere, fefelli, falsus, deceive, cheat. 


| falsus, a, um, adj., false, oroundless. 


fas, n., indec., righz. 

félix, icis, adj., Aappy, fortunate. 

fera, ae, f., wild beast. 

ferax, acis, adj., fertile, productive. 

feré, adv., zearly, almost. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latus, dear, endure, 
bring, carry. 

fertilitas, atis, f., fertility. 

ferus, a, um, adj., wild, fierce, barbarous, 
rough, 

fidés, ei, f., fazth, protection, care. 

fido, ere, fisus sum, ¢rust, rely upon. 

fidus, a, um, adj., faithful. 

filia, ae, f., daughter. 


258 


filiolus, i, m., Zéttle son, child. 

filius, i, m., soz. 

finis, is, m., end, limit; pl., 
country. 

finitimus, a, um, adj., xeighboring ; as 
subst., finitimi, orum, m. pl., neigh- 
bors. 

fid, fieri, factus sum, decome, de made. 

flagito, are, avi, atus, demand. 

fled, Gre, Evi, tus, weep, cry. 

flétus, Us, m., weeping, tears. 

fluctus, iis., m., wave, dzllow, 

flumen, inis, n., river, stream. 

fons, fontis, m., fountain. 

forma, ae, f., form, shape, appearance. 

formica, ae, f., azz. 

forte, adv., dy chance. 

fortis, e, adj., drave, powerful, courage- 
ous. 

fortissimus, a, um, superl. of fortis, 
very brave, bravest. 

fortiter, adv., dravely, courageously. 

fortiina, ae, f., fortune, luck, chance, fate. 

fossa, ae, f., trench, ditch, fosse. 

frater, tris, m., drother. 

frigus, oris, n., co/d. 

frigés, um, ft. pl., /ruits of the field, 
produce of the fields. 

frimentum, i, n., grain; 
grain, 

fruor, i, frictus sum, w. Abl., enjoy. 

fristra, adv., ix vain, to no purpose. 

fuga, ae, f., fight. 

fugio, ere, figi, fugitus, fee, run away. 

funditor, Oris, m., sdinger. 

fungor, 1, finctus sum, fer form. 

furor, Oris, m., fury, madness. 


territory, 


pl., standing 


G 


Galba, ae, m., Galda. 

Galli, drum, m. pl., ae Gauls. 

Gallia, ae, f., Gaui. 

Gallicus, a, um, adj., of the Gauls, Gal- 
lic. 

gallina, ae, f., Zev. 

gaudeod, ére, gavisus sum, rejoice, take 

pleasure. 

gelus, ts, m., cold, frost. 

gener, eri, m., son-in-law. 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


gens, gentis, f., tribe, nation. 

genus, eris, n., Aind, class, race. 

Germani, drum, m. pl., the Germans. 

gero, ere, gessi, gestus, wage, carry on, 
conduct, manage. 

Géry06n, Onis, m., Geryon,a mythical king 
in Spain. 

gigas, antis, m., giant. 

gladius, 1, m., sword. 

gloria, ae, f., glory, fame. 

gracilis, e, adj., graceful. 

Graecus, a, um, adj., Gree’. 

gratia, ae, f., favor, influence, kindness, 
obligation ; gratias tibi ago, J thank 
you, 

gratulor, ari, atus sum, congratulate, 
rejoice with. 

gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty, dignified, 
Serious, 

graviter, adv., heavily, seriously, gravely. 

grex, gregis, m., flock, herd. 


H 


habeo, ére, ui, itus, Zave, hold, deliver, 
utter, consider. 

habito, are, avi, atus, dwell, abide, re- 
main, inhabit. 

haedus, i, m., 27d. 

Haridés, um, m. pl., the Harudes. 

harundo, inis, f., reed, dimed twigs. 

hasta, ae, f., spear, lance. 

Hélios, i, m., Heios, the sun.. 

Helvétii, érum, m. pl. the Helvetii, a 
people of Gaul. 

herbidus, a, um, adj., grassy. 

Herculés, is, m., Hercules. 

Herculéae Columnae, f. pl., 
of Hercules. 

Herma, ae, m., Hermes, the messenger 
god. 

Hesperidés, um, f. pl., the Hesperides, 
daughters of Hesperus. 

hiberna, drum, n. pl., winter quarters. 

hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron., ¢his, he, the 
latter. 

hic, adv., ere. 

hiem6, are, avi, atus, winter, spend or 
pass the winter, 

hiems, mis, f., winter, winter time. 


the Pillars 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


hinc, adv., ence, thereupon. 

Hippolyté, és, f., Aippolyte, an Ama- 
zon, 

Hispania, ae, f, Spain. 

historia, ae, f., narrative, history. 

hodié, adv., ¢o-day. 

hom6, inis, m. and f., man, human being. 

honor, Oris, m., Zozor. 

hora, ae, f., Zour. 

hortus, i, m., garden. 

hospes, itis, m., stranger, host, guest, 
guest friend. 

hospitium, i, n., ospitality. 

hostis, is, m. and f., stranger, enemy. 

hic, adv., Azther. 

humilis, e, adj., Zumd/e. 

hydra, ae, f., the Hydra, the water ser- 
pent, 


iacid, ere, iéci, iactus, *hrow, cast, hurl. 

iam, adv., zow, already, long since. 

ibi, adv., there. 

Iccius, i, m., /cecius. 

idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., ¢he same. 

identidem, adv., agaim and again, re- 
peatedly, 

iddneus, a, um, adj., suztable, adapted, 
convenient. 

igitur, adv., therefore. 

ignis, is, m., jive. 

igndsco, ere, novi, notus, Zardon, for- 
give, w. Dat. 

ille, a, ud, dem. pron., that, he, that well 
known, the former. 

imber, bris, m., shower, rain. 

immortalis, e, adj., zmmortal. 

impedimentum, i, n., Aendrance, impedi- 
ment; pl., baggage. 

impedio, ire, ivi, itus, zpede, hinder, 
check, entangle. 

imperator, 6ris, m., commander. 

imperatum, i, n., command, order. 

imperium, i, n., command, power, do- 
minion. 

impero, are, avi, atus, command, order. 

impetus, is, m., attack, charge, assault, 
force. 

implicé, are, avi, or ui, atus or itus, 
entangle, entwine, enfold, 





259 

imploro, are, avi, atus, zzvoke, beseech, 
implore. 

impono, ere, posui, positus, place upon, 
put upon, impose. 

improbus, a, um, adj., wicked, shameless, 
base. 

in, prep. w. Acc. and Abl.: w. Acc., zzzZo, 
upon, among; Ww. Abl., in, on, over, 

inanis, e, adj., empty, vain, useless. 

incalésco, ere, calui, —, grow warm. 

incendo, ere, cendi, cénsus, se? on fire, 
kindle, burn. 

incido, ere, cidi, casus, Zappen, fall upon. 

incipio, ere, cépi, ceptus, dezin. 

incitO, are, avi, atus, urge on, incite, 
arouse. 

incola, ae, m., zzhaditant. 

incolo, ere, ui, —, dwell, inhadit. 

incolumis, e, adj., uninjured, safe, un- 
harmed. 

incrédibilis, e, adj., zxcredidle. 

incursi6, Onis, £, attack, invasion, hostile 
inroad. 

inciiso, are, avi, atus, accuse, blame, find 
Sault with. 

inde, adv., thence, then. 

indignitas, atis, f., zxdignity, insulting 
treatment, 

indignus, a, um, adj., wzworthy. 

indolés, is, f., character, disposition. 

ined, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go iz or into, 
enter. 

inermis, e, adj., wzarmed, defenseless. 

inferior, ius, comp. adj., Zower. 

inferd, ferre, tuli, inlatus, dring upon, 
inflict, attack. 

infimus, a, um, super]. adj., Zowest. 

influd, ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow into. 

ingéns, entis, adj., Auge, vast. 

inhio, are, avi, atus, gape at, gaze at 
eagerly, long for. 

inicio, ere, iéci, iectus, 2ux/ or throw 
into, inspire. 

inimicus, a, um, adj., wuz/riendly, hostile ; 
as subst., personal foe. 

iniquus, a, um, adj., wujust, unfavorable. 

initium, i, n., deginning ; initium facio, 
begin. 

initiria, ae, f., ixjury, wrong, injustice. 

innascor, i, natus sum, grow, spring up. 


260 


inopia, ae, f., want, lack, scarcity. 

inquam, def. verb, / say; inquit, Ze says, 
Says he. 

inséquor, i, citus sum, /o//ow after, pur- 
sue, 

insidiae, arum, f. pl., svare, ambush, am- 
buscade, 

insolenter, adv., uzusually, haughtily, 
insolently. 

instrud, ere, striixi, structus, draw up, 
form, arrange. 

insula, ae, f., zs/and. 

integer, gra, grum, adj., whole; integris 
viribus, with fresh strength. 

intellego, ere, léxi, léctus, £now, under- 
stand, perceive. 

inter, prep. w. Acc., among, between ; 
inter sé, 0 oxe another. 

intercédd, ere, cessi, cessus, come de- 
tween, be between, intervene. 

interclidd, ere, cliisi, clisus, cut of, 
shut off, hinder, prevent. 

interditi, adv., dy day. 

interea, adv., iz the meantime, mean- 
while. 

interficid, ere, féci, fectus, 22/7, destroy. 

interior, ius, comp. adj., zzuer, interior 
of 

internecio, Onis, f., destruction, extermi- 
nation, annihilation, 

interrogo, are, avi, atus, asf. 

interscindd, ere, scidi, scissus, cu¢ or 

break down, destroy. 

intervallum, i, n., izterval, distance. 

intimus, a, um, super]. adj., zmost. 

intra, prep. w. Acc., within, among. 

introdtico, ere, dixi, ductus, /ead within 
or into, introduce. 

intus, adv., within. 

invenio, ire, véni, ventus, come upon, 
find, find out. 

invideo, ére, vidi, visus, envy, grudge. 

invoco, are, avi, atus, ca// upon, invoke. 

ipse, a, um, intensive pron., ¢Aat or this 
very; self, himself, herself, very. 

iracundus, a, um, adj.,+zrritadle, pas- 
stonate, angry. 

irascor, i, Atus sum, Je angry. 

iratus, a, um, adj., angered, enraged, 
Surious. 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


is, ea, id, dem. pron., that or this person, 
he, she, it. 

iste, a, ud, dem. pron., ¢his or that per- 
son; he, she, i, referring especially to 
that which is near, or to the person 
addressed. 

ita, adv., thus, so; yes, it is so, true, 

Italia, ae, f., /taly. 

itaque, conj., avd so, therefore. 

item, adv., Zikewise, again, also. 

iter, itineris, n., journey, road, right of 
way, march ; ex itinere, on the march ; 
iter facere, march. 

iterum, adv., again, a second time. 

iubeo, ére, iussi, iussus, order, bid, com- 
manda, 

iucundus, a, um, adj., pleasing, agree- 
able, entertaining. 

itdex, icis, m., judge. 

iudico, are, avi, atus, judge. 

iugum, 1, n., yoke. 

iimentum, i, n., deast of burden, draught 
animal, 

iinior, ius, comp. adj., younger. 

Iuppiter, Iovis, m., upiter, the chief 
god among the Romans. 

lira, ae, m., Zura, a chain of mountains 
extending from the Rhine to the 
Rhone. i 

its, itris, n., right, justice, aw. 

iustitia, ae, f., justice. 

iistus, a, um, adj., just, right, fair, 
equitable. 

iuvenis, is, m., young man. 

iuvo, are, itvi, iitus, assist, help, aid. 


L 


L, abbreviation for Licius. 

Labiénus,i, m., Zadzenus, one of Caesar's 
lieutenants, 

labor, Oris, m., dador, work. 

lacesso, ere, ivi or il, itus, excite, attack, 
harass, trritate. 

lacus, Us, m., Zake. 

laetus, a, um, adj., joyful, glad. 

lanio, are, avi, atus, fear or rend in 
pieces, mangle. 

lapis, idis, m., stove. 

laqueus, i, m., oose, svare, trap. 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


latitiidd, inis, f., width, breadth. 

latus, a, um, adj., wide, broad, 

latus, eris, n., side, flank. 

laudo, are, avi, atus, praise. 

laus, laudis, f., praise, glory. 

lavo, are, lavi, lautus or lotus, wash, 
bathe ; pass., bathe. 


légatus, t, m. . Eeutenant, ambassador. 

legio, Onis, f. legion, consisting of ten 
cohorts, from 4000 to 6000 men. 

lego, ere, légi, lectus, gather, collect, 
read. 

lénis, e, adj., smooth. 

léniter, adv., smoothly, gently. 

led, Onis, m., on. 

Lernaeus, a, um, adj., Lernaean, of Lerna. 

lex, légis, f., Jaw. 

libenter, adv., 2/adly, willingly. 

liber, bri, m., 400%. 

liber, era, erum, adj., free. 

liberalitas, atis, f., Aindness, generosity, 
liberality. 

liberi, Orum, m. pl., 
born parents). 

liberd, are, Avi, atus, free, deliver, lib- 
erate, 

libet, libuit, libitum est, impers. verb, 
at pleases ; si tibi libet, 7/ you please. 

Libya, ae, f., Libya, Africa. 

Lingonés, um, m. pl., the Lingones. 

lingua, ae, f., tongue, language. 

linter, tris, f., doat. 

Liscus, i, m., Liscus. 

littera, ae, f., /etter of the alphabet; pl., 
letter, epistle. 

locus, i, m., A/ace ; in pl. neut., loca, drum. 

longus, a, um, adj., dong. 

loquor, i, citus sum, speak, plead, talk. 

lidificd, are, avi, atus, make sport of, 
mock, delude. 

lado, ere, si, sus, play, sport, make fun 
of, ridicule, 

lupus, 1, m., wolf 

lax, licis, f., Zgt,; lice prima, at day- 
break, 


children (of free- 


M 


M., abbreviation for Marcus. 
magis, comp. adv., more. 





261 


magister, tri, m., teacher, master. 

magistratus, Us, m., magistrate. 

Sain adv. Shige’ Breslegets 5 
nitude, 

magnus, a, um, adj., great, large; ma- 
gnis itineribus, dy forced marches. 

maior, ius, comp. of magnus, greater, 
larger. 

maiorés, um, m. pl., azcestors, 

male, adv., dadly, ill, wickedly. 

maledico, ere, dixi, dictus, speak ill of, 
abuse, revile, 

maleficium, i, n., evz/ deed, injury, wrong. 

malo, malle, malui, —, prefer, wish 
rather. 

malum, i, n., apple. 

malum, i, n., evil thing, misfortune, 
calamity. : 

malus, a, um, adj., evil, wicked, bad, 
injurious, 

mandatum, 1, n., imjunction, command, 
order. 

mando, are, avi, atus, order, command, 
commit, intrust. 

maneo, ére, mansi, sus, remain. 

manipulus, 1, m., company, maniple. 

mansuéfacio, ere, féci, factus, make 
tame, tame. 

manus, is, f., Zand, band. 

mare, is, n., sea. 

maritimus, a, um, adj., pertaining to the 
sea, maritime, 

Marius, i, m., C. Marius, the uncle of 
Caesar. 

massa, ae, f., mass, dump. 

mater, tris, f., mother. 

matiro, are, avi, atus, asten, make 
haste. 

matirus, a, um,a Bi , ripe, fit, early. 

maximé, superl. adV., especially. 

maximus, a, um, superl, adj., Sees 
largest, very large. 

medius, a, um, adj., #zdd/e ; ene colle, 
on the middle of the hill. 

melior, ius, comp. adj., detter. 

memoria, ae, f., memory. 

méns, mentis, f., mzzd, soud, . 

ménsis, is, m., month. 

mercator, Oris, m., merchant. 


262 


mereor, éri, itus sum, deserve, 

meus, a, UM, poss. pron., my, mine. 

miles, itis, m., soldier. 

militaris, e, adj., er taining to a soldier, 
military. 

mille, pl., milia, ium, n., ‘housand, thou- 
sands, 

minimé, superl. 
means, least. 

minimé véro, certainly not. 

minitor, ari, atus sum, ¢hreaten, 

minor, us, comp. adj., /ess, younger. 

Minos, ois, m., Minos, a king of Crete. 

mirabilis, e, adj., wonderful, 

miror, ari, atus sum, wonder at, admire. 

mirus, a, um, adj., wonderful, strange, 
remarkable, 

miser, era, erum, adj., wretched, un- 
happy. 

miserésco, ere, —, —, feel pity, have com- 
passion for. 

misericordia, ae, f., Az/y, compassion. 

mitis, e, adj., mz/d, gentle, merciful. 

mitto, ere, misi, missus, sevd, dismiss. 

modo, adv., ov/y. 

modus, i, m., manner, end, limit. 

moenia, ium, n. pl., wads, walls of a city. 

moneo, ére, ul, itus, warn, advise. 

mons, montis, m., mountain. 

mora, ae, f., delay. 

mordeo, ére, momordi, 
sting. 

morior, mori (moriri), mortuus sum, 
die, 

moror, ari, atus sum, delay, remain, 
hinder. 

mors, mortis, f., death. 

mortalis, e, adj., subject to death, mortal. 

mortuus, a, um, adj., dead. 

mos, moris, m., custom, manner; 
manners, Character. 

moveo, ére, movi, motus, move, excite, 
disturb, 

mox, adv., soon. . 

mulier, eris, f., woman. 

multitido, inis, f., 
number. 

multo, adv., much. 

multum, adv., much. 

multus, a, um, adj., #uch; pl., many. 


adv., zot at all, by no 


morsus, die, 


pl., 


multitude, great 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


munimentum, i, n., defense, rampart, 
protection. 

muni, ire, ivi, itus, fortify, defend with 
a wall, defend, 

minus, eris, n., duty, present, work. 

murus, i, m., Se) 

muto, are, avi, atus, change, alter. 


N 


nam, conj., for. 

nanciscor, i, nactus or nanctus sum, 
get, obtain, find. 

narro, are, avi, atus, Ze//, relate, narrate. 

nascor, 1, natus sum, de born, arise, 
spring forth. 

natio, Onis, f., zation, race of people. 

natura, ae, f., zature, character, disposi- 
tion. 

nauta, ae, m., sazlor. * 

navicula, ae, f., skzf7, doar. 

navigo, are, avi, atus, saz/, set saz. 

navis, is, f., skip, doat. 

né, conj., that not, that, lest; with a par- 
ticiple, from. 

-ne, enclit., used in asking questions. 

né ... quidem, zot.. . even. 

nec, conj., see neque. 

necesse, neut. adj., zecessary, unavoid- 
able. 

necessitas, atis, f., zecessity. 

necessitudo, inis, f., zecessity, alliance, 
Sriendship. 

negotium, i, n., dusiness, 
trouble, difficulty. 

Nemea, ae, f., Nemea, a city in Argolis. 

Nemeus, a, um, adj., Nemean. 

némo, Dat. némini, m. and f., zo one, 
nobody. 

neque or nec, conj., avd not, nor. 

neque ... neque, wether .. . nor. 

Nervii, drum, m. pl., *re Nervii, a war- 
like people of Gaul. 

nescio, scire, Scivi or ii, scitus, zof fo 
know, be ignorant. 

neuter, tra, trum, adj., zecther. 

nihil, indecl., zothing. 

nisi, conj., wzless, if not, except. 

nix, nivis, f., szow. 

nobilitas, atis, f., zodzlity, nobles. 


occupation, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


nocti, adv., dy night. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, —, de unwilling, not to 
wish. 

nomen, inis, n., zame. 

non, adv., zo. 

nondum, adv., zof yet. 

nonne, adv., zot? expecting an affirma- 
tive answer. 

nonus, a, um, ord. num., zznth, 

nos, nostrum, pers. pron., we. 

noster, tra, trum, adj., ovr, ours ; nostri, 
Orum, m. pl., our men. 

novem, card. num., 2/7e, 

Noviodiinum, i, n., Noviodunum, a city 
in Gaul. 

novus, a, um, adj., zew, young. 

nox, noctis, f., zzght. 

nidus, a, um, adj., dare, stripped, de- 
prived of. 

nullus, a, um, adj., zone, xo, not any. 

num, adv., in direct questions expects 
the answer zo, in indirect it is trans- 
lated whether. 

. humerus, i, m., zuméder. 

nunc, adv., zow. 

nunguam (numquam), adv., zever. 

nintio, are, avi, atus, axnxounce, report, 
declare. 

nintius, 1, m., messenger. 

niper, adv., recently. 


0 


ob, prep. w. Acc., 0” account of. 

obses, idis, m. and f.., Zostage. 

obsisté, ere, stiti, stitus, stazd in the 
way of, oppose, resist, w. Dat. 

obtineo, ére, ul, tentus, 2o/d, obtain, pos- 
Sess, occupy. 

obviam, adv., zz the way; after verbs of 
motion, fo meet. 

obvius, a, um, adj., 7 the way, to meet. 

occasus, Us, m., setting, falling. 

occasus Solis, suzset. 

occido, ere, cidi, cisus, s¢rzke down, ill, 

occupatus, a, um, adj., dusy. 

occupo, are, avi, atus, sezze, hold, occupy. 

octavus, a, um, ord. num., evghth. 

octo, card. num., ezgh. 

oculus, i, m., eve; ex oculis, out of sight. 





263 


Odi, isse, def. verb, Aare. 

offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus, dring before, 
present, offer. 

Olim, adv., formerly, once upon a time. 

omnino, adv., altogether, wholly, at all, 

omnis, e, adj., a//, every. 

onus, eris, n., durden, weight. 

oppidum, 1, n., /ozwz., 

oppugno, are, avi, atus, storm, attack, 
assault, besiege. 

optimus, a, um, superl. adj., dest. 

opus, eris, n., work, labor. 


orator, Oris, m., orator, speaker. 

Ordo, inis, m., raxk, row, order, arrange- 
ment, 

Orgetorix, igis, m., Orgetorix, leader of 
the Helvetii. 

orior, iri, ortus sum, arise, rise. 

Ornd, are, avi, atus, adorn, equip, furnish. 

ostendd, ere, i, tus, show, display, exhibit. 

otium, i, n., dezsure, vacant time, 

ovum, i, n., eg2. 


I 


pabulum, i, n., fodder, forage. 

paco, are, avi, atus, pacify, subdue. 

paene, adv., almost, nearly, 

pagus, i, m., district, canton. 

palis, Udis, f., swamp, marsh. 

pando, ere, pandi, passus, spread out, 
stretch, extend. 

paratus, a, um, adj., eady, prepared. 

parco, ere, peperci, parsus, spare, w. 
Dat. 

pared, Gre, ui, itus, obey, submit to, w. 
Dat. 

pario, ere, peperi, paritus and partus, 
bring forth, bear; Ovum parere, day 
an egg. 

paro, are, avi, atus, get ready, prepare, 
procure. 

pars, partis, f., part, direction. 

parum, adv., Zoo little, not enough. 

parvus, a, um, adj., swadd, little. 

pasco, ere, pavi, pastus, feed, graze; 

_pass., feed. 

passus, is, m., face, consisting of five 

Roman feet, 


264 


passts mille, thousand paces, a Roman 
mile. 

patefacio, ere, féci, factus, make or day 
open, open. 

pater, tris, m., father. 

patior, i, passus sum, allow, suffer, en- 
dure. 

patria, ae, f., zative country, fatherland. 

pauci, ae, a, pl. adj., ew. 

paulatim, adv., gradually. 

pax, pacis, f., peace. 

pecunia, ae, f., zoey. 

pecus, oris, n.; cattle, herd, flock. 

pedes, itis, m., foot soldier. 

pedester, tris, tre, adj., de/onging to a 
Soot soldier, pedestrian. 

pedestrés cOpiae, zvfantry forces. 

Pedius, i, m., Quintus Pedius. 

péior, ius, comp. adj., worse. 

pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, Jdea?, sirzke, 
rout, drive. 

penna, ae, f., feather, wing. 

per, prep. w. Acc., chrough, by, during. 

perago, ere, égi, actus, finish, complete, 
accomplish. 

percontatio, Onis, f., guestioning, inguiry. 

perdo, ere, didi, ditus, Zose, destroy. 

perdico,-ere, dixi, ductus, dead through, 
lead, prolong. 

pereo, ire, ii, iturus, pass away, disap- 
‘pear, perish. 

perfero, ferre, tuli, latus, dring through, 
endure, bring to an end. 

perficid, ere, féci, fectus, accomplish, 
Jinish, complete. 

periculum, i, n., danger. 

permitto, ere, misi, missus, give uf, in- 
trust, permit. 

permoveo, ére, movi, motus, alarm, 
move thoroughly, excite. 

perspicio, ere, spexi, 
through, perceive. 

persuaded, ére, suasi, suasus, persuade, 
w. Dat. 

perterreo, ére, ui, itus, terrify thoroughly, 
frighten. 

pertineo, ére, ui, tentus, extend, pertain 
to, belong to. 

perturbo, are, avi, atus, throw into con- 
Jusion, disturd. 


spectus, see 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


pervenio, ire, véni, ventus, come (fo, 
arrive at, reach. 


pés,-pedis, m., foot. 


| pessimus, a, um, superl, adj., worst. 


peto. ere, ivi or il, itus, seed, deg, entreat, 
altack. 

phalanx, angis, f., phalanx, battalion. 

pharetra, ae, f., guzver. 

Pharnacés, is, m., Pharnaces, a king of 
Pontus. 

Pharsalus, i, f., Pharsalus, a city in 
Thessaly, near which Caesar defeated 
Pompey. 

pilum, i, n., javelin. 

pirata, ae, m., pirate. 

placed, ére, ui, itus, Please ; 
placet, if you please. 

placo, are, avi, atus, appease, pacify, 
soothe. 

planitieés, é1, f., p/ain. 

plébs, ébis, f., the common people. 

plérique, aeque, aque, adj. pl., 

_many, most, the most, 
plerumque, adv., generally, for the most 
part. 

plurimus, a, um, superl. adj., very many, 
most, very much, 

plis, pluris, adj. comp., more. 

Plutarchus, 1, m., Plutarch. 

poéma, atis, n., poem. 

polliceor, éri, itus sum, promise. 

pono, ere, posui, positus, place, put, 
pitch, set, establish, 

pons, pontis, m., d7idge. 

pontifex, icis, m., Roman high priest, 
chief priest, pontifex. 

populor, ari, atus sum, /ay waste, rav- 
age, devastate. 

populus, i, m., people. 

porta, ae, f., gate, door. 

porto, are, avi, atus, carry, bear. 

pOsco, ere, poposci, —, demand. 

Poseidon, Onis, m., Posezdon, god of the 
sea. 

possum, posse, potui, —, de able, can. ' 

post, prep. w. Acc., after, behind. 

postea, adv., afterwards. 
posterior, ius, comp. adj., 
postquam, conj., after. 
postrémus, a, um, superl. adj., Zas¢. 


si tibi 


very 


26 Tater. 





postridié, adv., oz the day after. 

postulatum, 1, n., demand, request. 

_ postulo, are, avi, atus, demand; request. 

poténs, entis, adj., owerful. 

potestas, atis, t., power, authority, 

potior, iri, itus sum, decome master of, 
get control of, w. Abl. ° 

potius, adv., rather, more. 

prae, prep. w. Abl., iz /front of, be- 
fore. 

praebeo, ére, ul, itus, furnish, offer, show, 
present. 

praeceps, ipitis, adj., Aeadlong. 

praeceptor, Oris, m., teacher, instructor. 

praeclarus, a, um, adj., celebrated, 
famous. 

praedico, are, avi, atus, assert, declare. 

praeficio, ere, féci, fectus, place in com- 
mand of. 

praemitto, ere, misi, missus, sed for- 
ward or ahead, 

praemium, i, n., rezvard. 

praepono, ‘ere, posui, 
before, prefer. 

praeséns, entis, present; sud exerciti 
praesente, 72 the presence of his own 
army. 

praesidium, i, n., defense, guard, garri- 
Son. aie 

praesto, are, stiti, stitus, stand out, be 
superior, excel, 

praesum, esse, fui, —, de at the head of, 
be over, w. Dat. 

praeter, prep. w. Acc., before, in front of, 

- beyond, 

praetereo, ire, ii, itus, dass dy. 

pratum, 1, n., meadow. 

primo, adv., frst, at first. 

primum, adv., first, at first. 

primus, a, um, adj., 7rs¢. 

ptinceps, ipis, m., chief leading man. - 

principatus, ts, m., chief place, leader- 
Ship, 

prior, ius, comp. adj., former, previous. 

pristinus, a, um, adj., former. 

priusquam, conj., defore. 

privatus, a, um, adj., private. 

privo, are, avi, atus, deprive, rod. - 

pro, prep. w. Abl., 7x front of, before, in 
behalf of, for, instead of. 


positus, lace 





265 


procédo, ere, cessi, cessus, go forward, 
advance, proceed. 

Procillus, i, m., Procidlus, 

prodtco, ere, dixi, ductus, /ead forth or 
Sorward, bring forward. 

proelium, i, n., da¢tle; proelium com- 
mittere, ¢o join or engage in battle, 

profectio, Onis, f., setting out, departure. 

proficiscor, i, fectus sum, se¢ out, ad- 
vance, depart, march, 

prohibeo, ére, ul, itus, restrain, hinder, 
prevent, keep from, prohibit. 

proicio, ere, iéci, iectus, ¢krow down, 
throw, fling forward. 

promitto, ere, misi, missus, send forth 
or forward, promise. 

promoveo, ére, movi, modtus, move for- 
ward, push forward, move. 

prope, adv., zear, nearly. 

propero, are, avi, atus, asten, 

propior, ius, comp. of prope, earer. 

proprius, a, um, adj., oze’s own, peculiar, 
personal, 

propter, prep. w. Acc., decause of, on 
account of. 

prosum, prodesse, fui, futiirus, de of use, 
benefit, profit. 

proturbo, are, avi, atus, drive forth, re- 
pulse. 

provincia, ae, f., province. 

provolo, are, avi, atus, fy forth, hasten 
Sorth, rush out. 

proximé, superl. adv., very near, most 
recently, last. 

proximus, a, um, superl. adj., very near, 
nearest, last. 

pridéns, entis, adj., prudent. 

pridenter, adv., prudently, wisely. 

pridentia, ae, f., prudence, discretion. 

puella, ae, f., cir/. 

puer, eri, m., doy; pl., children. 

pigna, ae, f., dattle, fight. 

pigno, are, avi, atus, fez; pignatum 
est, they fought. 

pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., deautiful. 

pulchré, adv., deautifully, 

pulvinus, i, m., cushion, pillow. 

punctus, ts, m., Arch, sting. 

puto, are, avi, atus, ¢hinzk, suppose, 
reckon, consider, 


266 
Q 


Q., abbreviation for Quintus. 

qua dé causa, prep. phr., for which 
reason, wherefore, why. 

quaero, ere, quaesivi or ii, itus, ‘asd, 
seek, inguire, 

quaestor, Oris, m., guaestor, treasurer. 

quam, adv., how, as much as, as, than. 

quam minimum, as small as possible. 

quamquam, conj., although, and yet. 

quando, adv., at what time, when. 

quantus, a, um, adj., how great. 

quaré, adv., dy what means, wherefore, 
why. 

quartus, a, um, ord. num., fourth. 

quattuor, card. num., four, 

-que, a particle affixed to the word it 
annexes, and. 

qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which, 
what, that. 

quia, conj., decause. 

quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, 
whoever, whichever, whatever. 

quid, inter., why, how. 

quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain, 
certain one, some. 

quidem, adv., izdeed, even. 

quin, conj., ‘hat not, but that, lest; with 
a participle, from. 

quindecim, card. num., f/teen. 

quingenti, ae, a, card. num., five hundred. 

quinquaginta, card. num., fy. 

quinque, card. num., five. 

quintus, a, um, ord. num., #/7/. 

quis, quae, quid, inter. pron., who? 
which ? what? as indef. pron. after si, 
né, num, azy one, anything. 

quisquam, quaequam, quicquam or 
quidquam, indef. pron., amy one, any- 
body, anything. 

quisque, quaeque, quodque or quidque, 
indef. pron., each, every, each one, 
everybody, everything. 

quo, adv., whither, where. 

quod, conj., decause. 

quo modo, adv., 2x what manner, how. 

quondam, adv., once, at one time, for- 
merly. 

quoque, adv., a/so, foo (placed after the 
emphatic word). 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


R 

ratio, Onis, f., reason, method, plan, man- 
mer. 

recédo, ere, cessi, cessus, go back, with- 
draw, retire, recede. 

recens, entis, adj., fresh, recent. 

recipero, are, avi, atus, regain, recover. 

recipio, ere, cépi, ceptus, fake back, re- 
cover; S€ recipere, detake themselves, 
retire, retreat. 

recitO, are, avi, atus, vead out or aloud, 
recite. 

recuso, are, avi, atus, refuse, decline. 

reddo, ere, didi, ditus, give back, return, 
restore, surrender, 

redémptio, onis, f., ~elease, ransoming. 

redeo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go dack, re- 
turn. 

redigo, ere, gi, actus, /ead back, render, 
reduce, 

redimo, ere, €mi, émptus, duy of, re- 
lease, ransom. 

rediico, ere, dixi, ductus, /ead back. 

referd, ferre, rettuli, relatus, dear or 
bring back, report, announce, 

refring6, ere, frégi, fractus, dreak open, 
break in pieces. 

régina, ae, f., gueen. 

régno, are, avi, atus, vwle, be king. 

régnum, i, n., royal power, throne. 

rego, ere, réxi, réctus, rude, guide, direct, 
govern, 

relanguésco, ere, langui, —, grow /an- 
guid or faint, become weary. 

relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, /eave; pass. 
remain. 

reliquus, a, um, adj., yemaining: reliqui, 
oOrum, m. pl., the rest. 

rémex, igis, m., rower, oarsman. 

Rémi, orum, m. pl., the Remi, a people 
of Gaul. 

Remus, i, m., Remus, brother of Romu- 
lus. 

rémus, i, m., oar. 

renovo, are, avi, atus, ~exew. 

repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus, drive 
back, repulse, 

repentinus, a, um, adj., sudden. 

reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, fd out, 
Jind, discover, ascertain, 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


repono, ere, posui, positus, gather uf, 
lay aside, store up. 

reprehendd, ere, i, hénsus, d/ame, cen- 
sure, find fault with, 

rés, rei, f., thing, matter, affair, fact, 
event, circumstance, 

rés frimentaria, f., srain supplies ; rés 
militaris, f., military affairs. 

resisto, ere, stiti, —, resist, oppose. 

responded, ére, spondi, sponsus, vepdy, 
respond, answer. 

responsum, i,-n., ~eply, response. 

restitud, ere, ul, Utus, estore, rebuild, 
give back. 

réte, is, n., zev. 

retined, ére, ui, tentus, Zo/d back, re- 
strain, retain, 

revello ere, i, vulsus, A/uck or tear away, 
pull out or away. 

reverto, ere, i, versus, turn back, come 
back, return. 

revertor, i, versus sum, turn back, re- 
turn, 

revoco, are, avi, atus, ca// back, recall, 

rex, régis, 7., king. ; 

Rhénus, i, m., the Rhine, the dividing 

_ river between Gaul and Germany. 

Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. 

rigeo, ére, ul, —, decome stiff, be stiff or 
numb, 

ripa, ae, f., dank, river bank. 

rixa, ae, f., guarrel, dispute, strife. 

rogo, are, avi, atus, ask, question. 

Roma, ae, f., Rome. 

Romanus, a, um, Roman. 

Romulus, i, m., Romulus, founder of 
Rome. 

rostrum, 1, n., deak. 

rimor, Oris, m., ~wmor, report. 

rupés, is, f, rock, cliff, 

rursus, adv., again. 

tiis, riiris, n., country (opposed to the 
city). 

Ss 


Sabis, is, m., the Samdre, a river in 
Gaul. 

Sacer, cra, crum, adj., sacred. 

‘sacrifico, are, avi, atus, sacrifice. 

saepe, adv., offen, 





267 


saepés, is, f., Zedge. 

Sagitta, ae, f., arrow. 

sagittarius, i, m., archer, bowman. 

salus, Utis, f., safety. 

sané, adv., dy all means, truly, of course, 
certainly, 

sanguis, inis, m., dood. 

sapiéns, entis, adj., wise. 

sarcina, ae, f., dund/e; pl., personal bag- 
gage. 

satis, adj. and adv., exough, sufficiently. 

saxum, I, n., vock, 

Scientia, ae, f., £xowledge, skill, science. 

scilicet, adv., of course, certainly. 

Scio, ire, ivi, itus, 4ow, understand. 

scribd, ere, scripsi, scriptus, wri¢e, 

scriptor, Oris, m., writer, author, 

sciitum, i, n., shze/d. 

Sé, see sui. 

sectio, Onis, f., dooty, spoils. 

secundum, prep. w. Acc., down, along. 

secundus, a, um, adj., second, favorable. 

sed, conj., dz. 

sédecim, card. num., sixteen, 

sédés, is, f., seat, abode, dwelling place. 

semper, adv., always. 

senatus, tis, m., sezate. 

senex, senis, adj., o/d, aged; subst., old 
man, 

senior, ius, comp. adj., oder. 

sentio ire, sénsi, sénsus, fee/, know. 

septimus, a, um, ord. num., seventh. 

Séquani, drum, m. pl., he Seguani. 

sequor, 1, citus sum, /o//ow, pursue. 

serpéns, entis, f. or m., serpent, snake. 

servitis, itis, f., slavery, servitude. 

servo, are, avi, atus, 4eep, preserve, save. 

séscenti, ae, a, card. num., six hundred, 

sex, card. num., szx. 

sexaginta, card. num., sixty. 

Si, conj., 77 

Sic, adv., thus, so. 

signifer, eri, m., s/azdard bearer. 

significati, nis, f., sig, warning, signal. 

signum, i, n., stazdard, 

Silva, ae, f., wood, woods, forest. 

Similis, e, adj., /ike, similar. 

simul ac, conj., as soon as. 

simul6, are, avi, atus, pretend. 

sine, prep. w. ADI, without. 


=a 


268 


singularis, e, adj., singular, extraordi- 
nary, remarkable, 

singuli, ae, a, num. distributive adj., 
single, separate. 

sinister, tra, trum, adj., e/7. 

sistrum, i, n., metallic rattle. 

sitio, ire, ivi, or ii, —, thirst, be thirsty. 

situs, is, m., sztuation, location, 

socer, eri, m., father-in-law. 

socius, i, m., ad. 

sol, solis, m., su. . 

soled, Gre, itus sum, de wont, be accus- 
tomed, use. 

sdlus, a,um, adj., alone, only. 

solvo, ere, i, litus, ve/ease, pay. 

soror, Oris, f., szster. 

spatium, i, n., space, distance, time. 

speciés, é1, f., appearance, sight. 

specto, are, avi, atus, Jook, face, be 
situated, lie. 

speculator, Oris, m., spy. 

spés, spei, f., Zope. 

spiritus, is, m., spirit, pride, insolence. 

sponte, Abl., of one's accord, voluntarily. 

stabulum, i, n., stad/, stable. 

statim, adv., suddenly, immediately, at 
once. 

statud, ere, ui, iitus, set up, set, establish, 
decide, determine. 

sterilis, e, adj., uz/ruztful, barren. 

stipendiarius, a, um, adj., ¢risutfary; 
pl. subst., stipendiarii, orum, ¢ridz- 
taries. . 

std, are, steti, status, s/and. 

stragés, is, f, overthrow, 
Slaughter. 

strepitus, is, m., zozse, din, roar. 

studed, ére, ui, —, desire, pay attention 
to, w. Dat. 

studium, i, n., desire, zeal. 

Stymphalius, a, um, adj., Stymphalian. 

Stymphalus, i, m., Stymphadlus, a district 
in Arcadia. 

sub, prep. w. Acc. and Abl., wader; sub 
monte, at the foot of the mountain. 

subit0, adv., suddenly. 

subitus, a, um, adj., sudden, 

sublev6, are, avi, atus, 277 uf. 

,Submergo, ere, mersi, mersus, drown, 

sink, submerge, overwhelm, 


confusion, 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


subsidium, i, n., elp, assistance, re- 
lief. 

subsilio, ire, ui, —, Zeap up. 

Suessionés, um, m. pl., he Suessiones. 

Sul, sibi, sé, sé, reflex pron., of himself, 
herself, itself, themselves ; inter sé, to 
one another. 

sum, esse, fui, futtrus, de. 


‘| summa, ae, f., Zeadership. 


summus, a, um, superl. adj., Aighest, top 
of, greatest, utmost, : 

Super, prep. w. Acc. and ADIL, over, 
above, upon, on the top of. 

superbus, a, um, adj., Aaughty, proud, 

superior, ius, comp. adj., former, higher, 
upper. 

supero, are, avi, atus, overcome, con- 
quer, surpass, pass over, ascend, 

superseded, ére, sédi, sessus, refrain 
Srom, postpone, w. Abl. 


_| supersum, esse, fui, futtrus, de over, 


remain, survive. 

suppeto, ere, ivi or ii, iturus, Je at 
hand. 

supplex, icis, m. and f., suppliant. 


entreaty, thanksgiving. 
suprémus, a, um, see summus. 
suspicor, ari, atus sum, suspect. 
sustineo, ére, ui, tentus, sustain, en- 
dure, hold out. 
suus, a, um, poss. pron., zs, hers, its, 
her, their, theirs, his own, etc. 


es 


T., abbreviation for Titus. 

talentum, 1; n., ¢a/ent, about $1200. 

talis, e, adj., such a. 

tam, adv., so. 

tamen, conj., yet, nevertheless. 

tandem, adv., at dast, at length, finally. 

tantulus, a, um, adj., so smail, so little. 

tantus, a, um, adj., so great. 

Tarquinius, i, m., Zarguin, the last king 
of Rome. 

Tartara, drum, n. pl., 
lower world. 

téctum, i, n., oof, house. 

télum, i, n., zisstle, dart, weapon, 


_Tartarus, the . 


LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 


tempestas, atis, f., 
weather. 

templum, i, n., temple. 

tempus, oris, n., “me, 

teneod, ére, ul, tus, Zold, keep, possess. 

tener, era, erum, adj., fender, young. 

terra, ae, f., Zand. 

terreo, ére, ul, itus, terrify, frighten. 

tertius, a, um, card. num., ¢iird. 

testis, is, m. and f., wztvess. 

testido, inis, f., shed, shelter, tortoise- 
shaped covering. 

Tiberis, is, m., the river Tiber. 

Tigurinus, i, m., 7igurinus, a district in 
Helvetia. 

timed, ére, ui, —, fear, de afraid of. 

timidus, a, um, adj., t2mid, fearful, 

timor, Oris, m., fear. : 

tingo, ere, nxi, nctus, wet, bathe, dye. 

Tiryns, ynthis or ynthos, f., Zizynzs, an 
ancient town of Argolis. 

tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus, Zi/¢ uf, re- 
move, break off; in crucem tollere, 
crucify. 

tormentum, i, n., az engine for hurling 
missiles, 

tot, indec. adj., so many. 

totus, a, um, adj., whole, entire. 

trado, ere, didi, ditus, give up, surrender. 

tradiico, ere, dtxi, ductus, /ead across. 

traho, ere, traxi, tractus, draw, drag. 

trans, prep. w. Acc., across, over, beyond. 

transed, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go across, 
Cross. 

transgredior, 1, gressus sum, go over, 
cross. 

transporto, are, avi, atus, carry across 
or over, transport. 

trés, tria, card. num., ‘Aree. 

Tréveri, orum, m. pl., he Zrevert. 

tribiinus, i, m., “rzdune. 

triceps, ipitis, adj., three-headed. 

triduum, i, n., space of three days, three 
days. 

triginta, card. num., ¢hirty. 

triplex, icis, adj., threefold, triple. 

tristis, e, adj., sad. 

trucido, are, avi, atus, s/ay, £2//. 

ti, tui, pers. pron., hou, you, 

tuba, ae, f., trumpet. 


storm, tempest, 





269 


tum, adv., then, at that time. 

tumultus, us, m., ‘umult, uprising, con- 
Jusion, 

tumulus, i, m., mound, hill. 

turpitudo, inis, f., disgrace, shame. 

turris, is, f., tower. 

titus, a, um, adj., saz. 

tuus, a, um, poss. pron., hy, thine, your, 
yours, 


U 


ubi, conj., where, when. 

Gllus, a, um, adj., any. 

ulterior, ius, comp. adj., farther. 

ultimus, a, um, sup. adj., /ast, farthest, 
most remote. 

ultra, prep. w. Acc., om the other side, 
beyond. 

umerus, i, m., shoulder. 

unde, adv., from which place, whence. 

undecim, card. num., e/even. 

Universus, a, um, adj., a// together, whole, 
entire. 

unquam, adv., ever, at any time. 

tinus, a, um, card. num., ome, 

urbs, urbis, f., czty. 

urged, ére, ursi, —, urge, press hard, beset. 

usque, adv., even, as far as, all the way to. 

Usus, Us, m., experience, use. 

ut, conj., that, iw order that, so that; 
after verbs of fearing, hat not; w. Ind., 
as, when; with the Infinitive, Zo. 

uter, tra, trum, adj., which of two. 

uterque, traque, trumque, adj., each, 
either, each one, both. 

utinam, adv., / wish that/ would that/ 

itor, i, Usus sum, wse, enjoy, employ, w. 
Abl. 

utrimque, adv., on both sides. 

tiva, ae, f., grape, bunch of grapes. 

uxor, Oris, f., we. 


V 


vadum, i, n., ford. 

vale6, ére, ui, iturus, de well, be strong, 
avail; valé, farewell, 

Valerius, i, m., Lucius Valerius. 

vallés, is, f., valley. 

vallum, i, n., wad/, rampart. 


270 


varius, a, um, adj., various, different. 

vasto, are, avi, atus, /ay waste, devastate. 

vastus, a, um, adj., vas? 

vectigal, alis, n., ax, revenue, tribute, 

vehementer, adv., eagerly, violently, vehe- 
mently. 

veho, ere, véxi, vectus, carry, bear; 
pass., de carried, ride. 

véndo, ere, didi, ditus, se/Z. 

venénatus, a, um, adj., Zozsoned, poison- 
ous. 

venio, ire, véni, ventus, come. 

venter, tris, m., de//y. 

ventus, 1, m., wznd. 

Verbigenus, i, m., Verdigenus. 

verbum, i, n., word, saying. 

vereor, éri, itus sum, fear, be afraid. 

vergo, ere, —, —, turn, be situated, slope. 

vérd, adv., post-posit., 7 truth, surely, 
certainly, yes, but, though. 

versor, ari, atus sum, de dusy, be. 

versus, iis, m., verse. 

vertex, icis, m., 4of, summit. 

vescor, i, —, —, take food, eat, feed upon. 

Vesontid, Onis, m., Vesontio, a city in 
Gaul. 

vesper, eri, m., evening ; sub vesperum, 
towards evening. 

vester, tra, trum, poss. pron., your, yours. 

vestis, is, f., clothing, clothes, garment. 

véxillum, i, n., danner, flag. 

via, ae, f., voad, way. ~\ 

vice, Abl. of vicis, zzstead of, in the place 
of. 

victor, 6ris, m., victor, conqueror. 

victoria, ae, f., véctory. 

vicus, i, m., vzl/age. 

vided, ére, vidi, visus, see; pass., de seen, 
seem. 


THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 





. 


vigilia, ae, f., watch of the night (fourth 
part of the night). . 

viginti, card. num., ¢wenty. 

vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, Jind. 

vinco, ere, vici, victus, comguer, over- 
come. 

vinea, ae, f., sked (for protecting be- 
siegers). 

vinum, i, n., wire. 

vir, virl, m., man. 

virgo, inis, f., ve~gin, maid, 

virgula, ae, f., Zzttle twig. 

virtiis, itis, f., manhood, bravery, cour- 
age, valor, virtue. 

vis (vis), f., strength, force; pl., virés, 
ium, strength. 

vita, ae, f., Zife. 

vitis, is, f., vzze. 

vivo, ere, vixi, victus, Zive. 

vivus, a, um, adj., Ziving, alive. 

voco, are, avi, atus, cad/, summon, 

volo, are, avi, atus, 7y. 

volo, velle, volui, —, w7sh, be willing. 

voluntas, atis, f., wish, desire. 

voluptas, atis, f., pleasure, enjoyment. 

vos, vestrum, pl. of ta, you. 

vox, vocis, f., voice, word. 

vulgus, i, n., crowd, common people. 

vulnero, are, avi, atus, wound. - 

vulnus, eris, n., wound. 

vulpés, is, f., fox. 


x 
X, abbreviation for ten, 
Z 


Zéla, ae, f., Zela. 
zona, ae, f., delt, girdle. 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


VERBS followed by the figures 1, 2, 4, have their principal parts formed regularly 
like those of the First, Second, and Fourth Conjugations, respectively, as given in 


the paradigms, 


other three which have any irregularities, have their principal parts given. 


Irregular verbs, verbs of the Third Conjugation, and those of the 


Where 


a simple verb and one or more of its compounds occur under one heading, the 


parts of the first only are given, unless a change takes place in composition. 


The 


figures in parentheses refer to section numbers in the main part of the book or in 


the appendix, 


A 


abandon, velingud, ere, liqui, lictus. 

able, be, possum, posse, potuz (619). 

abode, sédeés, zs, f. 

about, dé, w. Abl.; circum, w. Acc.; cir- 
citer, adv.; about to, see first peri- 
phrastie conjugation (534 seq.). 

accept, accipio, ere, cépi, ceptus. 

accomplish, conjficid, ere, fect, fectus. 

accord, of his own, sua sponte, Abl. 

account.of, on, proper, w. Acc.; Abl. of 
cause. 

accuse, 27cuSO, I. 

accustomed, be, comsuésco, ere, suevi, 
suétus ; soled, ére, itus sum, 

across, frans, w. Acc, 

act, ago, ere, égi, actus. 

Aduatuci, Adudatuci, drum, m. pl. 

advance, procédd, ere, cessi, cessus; pro- 
gredior,t, gressus sum. 

advise, moned, 2. 

Aeduans, (Aedui), Aeduiz, drum, m. pl. 

after, dost, w. Acc.; postguam, conj. 

again, zferum. 

against, zz or contra, w. Acc.; 
infero, bring against. 

age, aetas, atis, f. 

aid, auxilium, i, n. 

alacrity, alacritas, atis, f. 

alarm, commoved, ére, movi, motus, 

all, omnis, e; totus, a, um (598), at all, 
omnino, 


Dat. after 





For abbreviations, see general table on page 250. 


Allobroges, Adlobroges, um, m. pl. 

ally, soctus, 2, m. 

almost, paene, prope. 

along, fer, w. Acc.; secundum, w. Acc, 

Alps, A/Zés, zum, f. pl. . 

also, guogue, following emphatic word; 
etiam. 

although, cum, w. Subj.; Abl. abs, 

always, semper. 

am, sum, esse, fui, futurus (615 seq.). 

ambassador, /égazus, z, m. 

ambush, zzsidae, arum, f. pl. 

among, zz, w. Abl.; afud or inter, w. Acc. 

ancestors, mazdres, um, m. pl. 

anchor, azcora, ae, f. 

and, e¢, -gue, atgue. 

and so, ztaque. 

angry, 7ratus, a,um,; angry, be, irascor, 
2, tratus sum, 

animal, azzmad, alis,n. 

announce, zunrid, 1; praedico, I. 

annoy, /acessd, ere, ivi, ttus. 

another, a/ius, a, ud (593); to one anoth- 
er, zxter sé; of another, aliénus, a, um. 

answer, vesponsum, 2, n. 

ant, formica, ae, f. 

any (person or thing), #//us, a, um (593), 
aliguis, qua, guid (quod) (602), quis- 
quam, quidquam. 

appear, exsistd, ere, stiti, stitus. 

approach, appropinqgud, 1; adeod, ire, it, 
2tus. 

Aquitania, Aqguitania, ae, f. 


271 


272 


Aquitanians, (Aquitani), Aguitaini, drum, 
m. pl. 

Arar, Arar, aris, m. 

Arcadia, Arcadia, ae, f. 

archer, sagittarius, 2, m. 

Ariovistus, Ariovistus, 7. 

arise, orior, irz, ortus sum (814 seq.). 

arm, armo,1; armed men, armati, orum, 
m. pl. 

armor bearer, armiger, eri, m. 

arms, arma, drum, n. pl. 

army, exercitus, us, Mm. 

around, circum, w. Acc. 

arrival, adventus, us, m. 

arrive, pervenid, ire, véni, ventus, 

arrogance, adrogantia, ae, f. 

arrow, sagitta, ae, f. 

as, wt; as soon as, simul ac or aque, 
cum primum, 

assault, oppugno, 1; take by assault, 
expugno, I. 

assemble, convocod, 1; convenio, 4. 

assign, 27f0n0, ere, posui, positus. 

assist, 7uvd, are, ivi, tutus; adsum, 
esse, fui, futurus (615 seq.), w. Dat. 

at, ad, w. Acc.; sub, w. Acc.; in, w. Acc, 

Athens, Azhénae, arum, f. pl. 

attack, zmpetus,us,m.; make an attack, 
impetum facto, ere, fect, factus. 

attack, ofpugnd, I. 

attempt, covatus, us, m. 

authority, auctoritas, atis, f. 

await, exspectd, I. 

Axona, Axona, ae, m. 


B 

baggage, zmpedimenta, drum, n. pl. 

bank (of river), 72a, ae, f. 

barbarous, dardarus, a, um. 

barren, steri/is, e. 

' battle, proelium, i, n.; pugna, ae, f. 

be, sum, esse, fui, futurus (615 seq.). 

beak, rostrum, i, n. 

bear against, infero, ferre, tuli, latus 
(623 seq.); bear off, aufero, ferre, 
abstuli, ablatus; bear arms, arma 
£ero, ere, gesst, gestus. 

beast of burden, z#mentum, 7, n. 

beast, wild, eva, ae, f. 

beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum. 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


because, guod; because of, propier, w. 
Acc, 

become, /720, fierz, factus sum (619 seq.) ; 
become master of, Zotior, irz, potitus 
sum, w. Abl. (814 seq.) ; become stiff, 
riged, ere, ut,—. 

before, ae or prd, w. Abl.; ante, w. Acc.; 
adv., ante, 

beg, beg for, pet, ere, ivi, or iz, ztus. 

begin, coepi, isse; initium faciod, ere, féci, 
factus. 

beginning, zv7ztiwm, 1,n.; make a begin- 
ning, izitium facio, ere, fect, factus; in 
the beginning of summer, zv7¢a aestate. 

Belgae, Belgae, arum, m. pl. 

Bellovaci, Bellovaci, orum, m. pl. 

benefactor, denefactor, oris, m. 

best, optimus, a,um (598). 

betake oneself, sé con/ferd, ferre, tuli, la- 
tus (623 seq.). 

better, me/ior, ius (598). 

beyond, fraeter or ultra, w. Acc. 

Bibracte, Pibracte, zs, n. 

Bibrax, 2brax, cris, f. 

bind fast, dé/igo, 1. 

bird, avis, 2s, f.; bird catcher, auceps, ci- 
pis, m. 

bite, worded, ére, momordi, morsus, 

blame, cuz/pod, I. 

boar, wild, afer, p77, m. 

boat, zavis, zs, f.; cymba, ae, f. 

body, corpus, oris, n. 

bold, audax, acis, 

book, Zder, drz, m. 

boy, Auer, evz, m. 

brave, /or‘is, e. 

bravely, fortiter. 

bravery, virtus, utis, f. 

bravest, fortissimus, a, um. 

brazen, aéneus, a, um. 

break off, to//0, ere, sustuli, sublatus, 

bridge, Aons, pontis, m. 

brief, drevis, e. 

bring, 727d, ferre, tuli, Latus (628 seq.) ; . 
porto, 1; bring down, défero; bring 
over, ¢ransportd, 1; bring to an end, 
conficid, ere, fect, fectus; bring to- 
gether, confero; condico, ere, duxi, 
ductus; bring up the rear, agmen 
claudd, ere, clausi, clausus. 


’ 





ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


broad, /atus, a, um. 

brother, rater, tris, m. 

Brutus, 2ritus, z, m. 

building, aedificium, i,n. 

bull, 40s, dovis, m. 

bunch of grapes, “va, ae, f. 

busy, be, versor, ari, atus sum, 

but, sed, autem (post-pos.); but that, 
guin, 

by, @ or ad, w. Abl.; Abl, of means, 


Cc 


Caesar, Caesar, aris, m. 

calamity, ca/amitas, atis, f. 

call, vocd, 1; apfpelld,1; call to, advoco, 
I; call together, covvoco, 1. 

camp, castra, Orum, n. pl. 

can, see able, be. 

capture, capio, ere, cépi, captus. 

care, cura, ae, f. 

Carry, porto, 1; Carry on, gerd, ere, gesst, 
gestus; be carried, vehor, 2, vectus sum. 

cart, carrus, 7, m. 

cast, zacid, ere, iéci, iactus; cast down,. 
déicio, ere, téci, iectus ; Cast into, z77- 
C10, 3. 

catch, capid, ere, cépi, captus. 

cause, causa, ae, f. 

cause, édd, ere, didi, ditus. 

cavalry, eguitatus, us, m., eguites, um, mM. 
pl.; cavalry battle, proelium equestre, 
n.; cavalry forces, cdpiae equestres, 
f, pl. 

Celts, Celtae, drum, m. pl. 

centurion, centurid, Onis, m. 

certain, certus, a, um,; a certain one, 
guidam, quaedam, quoddam (quid- 
dam) (872, 1). 

certainly, sane. 

chain, catéva, ae, f. 

chance, casus, #5, m. 

change, mito, 1. 

chariot, currus, us, m. 

chief, princeps, ipis, m.; chief command, 
summa, ae,f.; chief men, principes, um, 
m. pl.; chief priest, portifex, icts, m. 

children, /7der7, Orum, m. pl. 

choose, dé/ivd, ere, legi, lectus. 

citizen, czvs, is, m. and f. 

BEGIN. LAT. BK. — 18 





273 


city, urbs, urdis, f. 

cliff, ~Zpés, zs, f. 

climb, ascendod, ere, i, scénsus. 

close line, agmen claudd, ere, claust, 
clausus, 

closely crowded, confertus, a, um. 

club, c/ava, ae, f. 

cohort, cohors, ortis, f. 

cold, ve/us, us, m.; frigus, oris, n. 

come, wvenid, ire, véeni, ventus; come 

together, convenid, 4. 

command, zmperium, 2,n., mandatum, i 
n.; be in command of, praesum, esse 
Jui, futurus, w. Dat. (615 seq.). 

commander, dux, ducis, m.; imperator 
oris, m. 

compassion, mzsericordia, ae, f. 

conceal, cé/0, 1; condd, ere, didi, ditus. 

concerning, dé, w. Abl. 

confer, déferd, ferre, tulz, latus (628 seq.). 

conference, conloguium, i, n. 

conquer, vincod, ere, vict, victus ; superd, I. 

consent, voluntas, atis, f. 

conspiracy, coniuratio, dnis, f. 

conspire, covzurod, 1. 

consul, consul, ulis, m. 

consulship of, in the, cdzsu/ and name 
of person, in the Abl. abs, 

contend, contendod, ere, 2, tentus. 

content, contentus, a, um. 

continually, continenter. 

country, ¢erra, ae, f.; finés, ium, m. pl.; 
native country, patria, ae, f.; (op- 
posed to city), 7#s, ruris, n. 

courage, virtus, utis, f. 

Crassus, Crassus, 2, m. 

Crete, Créta, ae, f. 

cross, ¢ransed, ire, it, itus (628 seq.). 

crowd, valgus, 2, n. 

crowded, closely, cdnfertus, a, um. 

cry out, conclamo, I. 

Cures, Cures, ium, f. pl. 

cut down, ivterscindo, ere, scidi, scissus ; 
cut off, ivterciudd, ere clusi, clusus, 


D 


daily, cottidianus, a, um; cottidié, adv. 
danger, periculum, 2, n. 
dare, auded, ére, ausus sum (820). | 


274 


daughter, /z/ia, ae, f. (59, n. 1). 

day, diés, é, m.; by day, interdiz; 
every day, cottidié, in diés; on the 
day after that day, postridié éius diéi. 

daybreak, at, prizma lice. 

dear, carus, a, um. 

death, ors, mortis, f. 

deceive, alld, ere, fefellz, falsus. 

decide, constitud, ere, ui, utus. 

deep, altus, a, um. 

defeat, vincd, ere, vict, victus. 

defend, d2/endd, ere, 2, fensus. 

deliver, /zderd, 1. 

Delos, Dé/os, z, f. 

demand, Jostul atum, i, n. 

demand, fostuld,1; flagitd, 1; posco, ere, 
poposct, —. 

dense, dénsus, a, um. 

deprive, Privo, I. 

descend, déscendd, ere, di, énsus. 

desire, cupiditas, atis, f.; studium, t, n. 

desist from, désistd, ere, stitz, stitus. 

destroy, d2/e0, ére, evi, étus. 

destruction, internecid, Onis, f. 

determine, comstitud, ere, ui, utus. 

devastate, vas/d, I. 

Diana, Diana, ae. f. 

die, morior, mort (morirz), mortuus sum 
(314 seq.). 

different, dissimilis, e; diversus, a, um; 
varius, a, um. 

difficult, dificzlis, e. 

direction, pars, partis, f. 

disaster, calamitas, tis, f. 

disposition, zvdo/és, is, f.; animus, i,m. 

distance, sfatium,z, n. 

district, agus, z, m. 

disturb, commoved, ere, movi, 
disturb greatly, Hees I. 

ditch, fossa, ae, f. 

Divico, Divicd, Onis, m. 

Divitiacus, Divitiacus, z, m. 

do, facid, ere, fect, factus; ago, ere, egi, 
actus. 

does not, ”dx w. verb repeated ; 
tions, z0mme w. verb. 

door, porta, ae, f. 

doubt, dzdizo, I. 

dove, columéa, ae, f. 

drag, ¢rahd, ere, traxi, tractus. 


motus ; 


in ques- 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


draw near, accédd, ere, cessi, cessus; 
draw up, instrud, ere, strixi, strictus, 

drive, ago, ere, égt, actus; pelld, ere, 
pepuli, pulsus; repello, ere, reppulli, 
repulsus, 

drown, submergod, ere, mersi, mersus. 

Dumnorix, Dumnorix, igis, m. 

during, fer, w. Acc.; Acc. of duration of 
time. 


E 


each (one), guisgue, guaegue, quidque 
(372); (of two) xutergue, trague, 
trumque (593). 

easily, facile. 

easy, facilis, e. 

egg, ovum, 2, n. 

embassy, /égatid, dnis, f. 

encamp, considod, ere, sedi, sessus, 

encourage, cohortor, Gri, atus sum (814). 

endure, sustined, ére, ui, tentus. 

enemy, 4ostis, is, m. and f., generally 
in pl. 

engagement, proelium, 2, n. 

engine, hurling, formentum, 7, n. 

enjoy, /ruor, z, frictus sum (814 seq.), 
utor, 2, usus sum, w. Ab). 

enroll, comscrib0, ere, scripsi, scriptus. 

entrust, permittd, ere, mist, missus. 

envy, zxvideod, ére, vidi, visus, w. Dat. 

equip, 0770, I. 

establish, confirmo, 1. 

Eurystheus, Zurystheus, i, m. 

even up to, #sgue ad, w. Acc. 

evening, vesper, evi, m.; at or toward 
evening, sub vesperum. 

everything, omnia, ium, n. pl. 

excel, praesto, are, stitt, —; superod, I. 

excellently, égregze. 

except, 7752. 

exertion, contentio, Onis, f. 

extend, pertined, ére, ui, tentus ; (stretch 
out), pando, ere, z, Passus. 


F 
fable, fasula, ae, f. 
fact, rés, re, f. 
faithful, /zdus, a, um. 
famous, clarus, a, um. 
farmer, agricola, ae, m. 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


farther, w/terior, tus. 

fault, culpa, ae, f. 

favor, gratia, ae, f. 

fear, timor, Oris, m. 

fear, timed, ere, ui, —; 
sum (814 seq.). 

feather, penna, ae, f. 

feed, Pasco, ere, pavi, pastus or Pascor, 1, 
pastus sum, 

fertile, fertilis, e. 

few, pauc?, ae, a. 

field, ager, rz, m. ‘ 

fierce, acer, cris, cre; ferus, a, um, 

fiercely, acriter. 

fight, pugnd, 1. 

find, izvenio, ire, véni, ventus ; 
reperio, tre, reppert, repertus, 

finish, cOn/ficid, ere, féci, fectus. 

fire, set on, ixcendd, ere, di, census, 

five, guinque, indec. 

fixed, certus, a, um. 

flee, fugid, ere, fugit, fugitus. 

fleet, cassis, zs, f. 

flight, fuga, ae, f. 

fly, volo, 1; fly out, évol9, 1. 

follow, seguor, z, cutus sum ($14). 

foot, pés, pedis, m.; at the foot of, sud, 
w. Abl. 

for, exim (post-posit.); sign of Dat. ; 
of Acc. of duration of time; 
Abl. of cause. 

forage, padbulum, 7, n. 

force, vis (vis), f.; zmpetus, us, mM. 

forces, copiae, rum, f. pl. 

forced marches, magna itinera, n. pl. 

forest, silva, ae, f. 

form, forma, ae, f. 

former, pristinus, a, um; (in contrast 
with latter), //e, a, ud (599). 

fortify, mznzo, 4. 

fortress, castel/um, 7, n. 

fortune (good), fortuna, ae, f. 

four, guattuor, indec., 

fourth, guartus, a,,um, 

fox, vulpes, zs, f. . 

free, /zderd, 1. 

frequent, créder, bra, brum. 

fresh strength, with, cntegris vient: 

friend, amicus, 7, m. 

friendly, amicus, a, um. 


vereor, ert, itus 


find out, 


sign 


sign of 





275 


friendship, amicitia, ae, f. 
frighten, ferred, 2. — 

from, a or ab, w. Abl.; dé, w. Abl. 
fruits (of field), /ragés, um, f. pl. 
furnish, Zraeded, 2. 


G 


Galba, Galda, ae, m. 

garment, vesizs, 7s, f. 

garrison, praesidium, 7, n. 

gate, porta, ae, f. 

Gaul, Gaddia, ae, f. 

Gauls, Galli, drum, m. pl. 

general, dux, ducis, m.; imperator, Oris, 
m. 

generosity, /2deralitas, atis, f. 

Germans, Germani, drum, m, pl. 

giant, gigas, antis, m. 

girdle, z0na, ae, f. 

girl, pued/a, ae, f. 

give, dd, dare, dedi, datus ; give up, dédd, 
ere, didi, ditus ; tradd, ere, didi, ditus, 

glad, /aetus, a, um. 

ZO, 0, tre, ivi or 72, iturus (623); go 

away, discedé, ere, cessi, cessus; abeo, 

ire, ti, tturus; ZO On, gerd, ere, gesst, 
gestus; go out of, exed, ire, iz, tturus, 

goat, capra, ae, f. 

god, deus, dez, m. 

gold, aurum, 2, n. 

golden, aureus, a, um. 

good, donus, a, um. 

graceful, gracilis, ¢. 

gradually, paulatim. 

grain, friimentum, i, n.; grain supplies, 
res frumentaria, ret i framentariae, f. 

grape, zva, ae, f. 

grassy, herbidus, a, um, 

gravely, graviter. 

great, magnus, a, um. 

groundless, falsus, a, um. 

guard, praesidium, 2, n. 

guard, custodi0, 4. 

guest-friend, Zospes, zis, m. 


H 
hand, manus, us, f.; be at hand, suppeto, 
ere, petivi, tturus. 
happen, incidd, ere, cidt, casus. 


276 


happy, /élix, icis; laetus, a, um. 

hasten, properd, 1; maturo,1; contendd, 
ere, dt, tus, 

have, Zaved,2; Dat. of possessor (146); 
have to, 2d Periphr. Conj. (537). 

he, zs (598), Azc (598), zdle (599). 

heap, acervus, 7, m. 

hear, audio, 4. 

heat, calor, Oris, m. 

height, alttudo, ints, f. 

help, auxilium, 7, n. 

help, adsum, esse, fui, futurus, w. Dat. 
(615 seq.). 

Helvetians (Helvetii), Helvetiz, drum, 
m. pl. 

hen, gadiina, ae, f. 

Hercules, Hercules, is, m. 

here, zc. 

hide, condo, ere, didi, ditus. 

high, a/tus,a,um,; high priest, pontifex, 
icis, Mm. 

higher, superior, ius. 

hill, col/is, is, m.; up hill, adverso colle. 

himself, see self. 

hinder, zpedio, 4. 

hindrance, impedimentum, 2, n. 

his, 2ivs (598), Auius (598), zZlzws (599); 
reflexive suus, a, um. 

hither, 2c. 

hold, teed, 2re, uz, tus; hold back, retz- 
ne), 2. 

home, domus, us or 2, f. (1384); at home, 
domi; home supplies, 7@s domesticae, 
f, pl. 

honor, Zonor, Oris, m. 

hope, sfés, spez, f. 

horse, eguus, 7, m. 

horseman, equves, itis, m. 

hostage, odses, idis, m. and f, 

hostile, ivimicus, a, um. 

hour, 20ra, ae, f. 

house, domus, us or 7, f. (184). 

however, autem (postposit.) ; ¢amen., 

hundred, ceztum, indec. 

hurl, iacid, ere, iécz, cactus. | 

hurling engine, sormentum, 2, n. 


I 
I, ego, mez (596). 
Iccius, /ecius, 2, m. 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


if, sz; if not, 22sz. 

immediately, statim, 

implore, zmploro, I, 

in, zz, w. Abl. 

incredible, iazcrédidilis, e. 

indignity, ixdignitas, atis, f. 

infantry forces, copiae pedestrés, f. pl. 

influence, g7ditia, ae, f. 

inform, certidrem facto, ere, fect, certior 
factus. 

inhabit, zzcold, ere, ui, cultus ; habito, 1. 

inhabitant, zzco/a, ae, m. 

injury, ixzuria, ae, f. 

injustice, izzurza, ae, f. 

insolently, zzsolenter. 

inspire (in), 2zci0, ere, iéct, tectus. 

insult, contumé/lia, ae, f. | 

interior, interior, ius (595). 

into, zz, w. Acc. 

intrust, permitto, ere, mist, missus. 

irritable, 7-acundus, a, um. 

island, zmsuda, ae, f. 

it, 75, ea, zd. 

Italy, /talia, ae, f. 


J 


join battle, manus conserd, ere, ut, tus; 
join with or together, coniungo, ere, 
iunxt, tunctus. 

journey, z/er, z/ineris, n. 


| Jura, Jura, ae, m. 


just, zé#stus, a, um. 
justice, 2#stitia, ae, f. 


K 
keep apart, distined, ére, ui, tentus; keep 
from, frohibed, 2; keep in, contined, 2. 
kept, sign ofimperfect of repeated action. 
kid, Zaedus, 2, m. 
kill, interficid, ere, fect, fectus; occidd, 
ere, cidi, cisus ; trucidd, 1. 
kindness, deneficium, 2, n. 
king, réx, régis, m. 
kinsman, coOmsanguineus, t,™. 
know, intellegd, ere, lexi, lectus; scid, 
tre, ivi, 2tus. 
L 
Labienus, Ladzénus, 2, m. 
labor, Zador, ris, m. 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


lacking, be, désum, esse, fui, futurus, w. 
Dat. (615 seq.). 
lake, /acus, 4s, m. 
lamb, agzus, 2, m. 
land, terra, ae, f. 
large, magnus, a, um, 
last, proximus,a,um; adv., proximé; at 
last, denique. 
latter, 4zc (598). 
law, lex, legis, f. 
lay (an egg), pari, ere, peperi, partus ; 
lay waste, vas/d, I. 
lead, dzco, ere, duxi, ductus ; lead across, 
traduco, ere, duxt, ductus ; lead down, 
deduco ; lead forward, produco ; lead 
out, @duco; lead through, Zerdico ; 
lead together, conduco, 
leader, dux, duczs, m. 
leadership, primcipatus, us, M.; Summa, 
ae, f. 
leap up, sudsz/20, tre, uz, —. 
leave, relinguod, ere, ligui, lictus, 
left, sinister, tra, trum. 
legion, /egid, dnis, f. 
length, at, denique, démum. 
lest, 22, w. Subj. 
let, sign of Imp. or Hortatory Subj. ; let 
loose, amittd, ere, misiz, missus ; émitto, 
letter (of alphabet), /ittera, ae, f.; (epis- 
tle), litterae, arum, f. pl. 
lieutenant, /egatus, 7, m. 
life, vita, ae, f. 
likewise, ztem; guogue (after the em- 
phatic word). 
line of battle, aczés, 22, f.; line of march, 
agmen, inis, N. 
lion, Zed, Onis, m. 
Liscus, Ziscus, 7, m. 
live, vivd, ere, vixi, victus; live in, in- 
colo, ere, ui, cultus; habito; 1. 
long, dongus, a, um; magnus, a, um; 
adv., di#. 
longer, diztius. 
lose, amitt0, ere, misi, missus ; perdod, ere, 
didi, ditus, 


M 
magnitude, magnitudo, inis, f. 
make, facid, ere, féci, factus; make a 
march, zter facio. 





277 


man, vir, virz,m.; (human being), /omd, 
inis, m. and f. 

manner, modus, 2, m. 

many, mu/t2, ae, a, pl. 

march, iter, ztineris, n.; on the march, 
ex or in ttinere. 

march, zter facto, ere, fect, factus. 

mare, equa, ae, f. 

marsh, palis, udis, f. No 

mass, massa, ae, f. 

master, magister, tri, m.; become mas- 
ter of, potior, ir2, itus sum (814, 315). 

means, by no, minime. 

meantime, in the, zzferea. 

meet, occurrd, ere, curri, cursus (w. Dat.). 

memory, ”emoria, ae, f, 

messenger, zzntius, 2, m. 

middle of, medius, a, um (658). 

mile, mille passis (664). 

military affairs, 2s mzlitaris, ret milita- 
ris, f. 

mind, méns, mentis, f.; animus, z, m. 

mine, meus, a, um. 

mischief, maleficium, 7, n. 

misfortune, alum, 2, n. 

missile, ¢2/wmz, z, n. 

mock, /#dificd, 1. 

more, magis, adv.; sign of comparative. 

moreover, praeterea ; autem (post-posit.). 

mount, mountain, dns, montis, m. 

move, moved, ére, movi, motus; commo- 
veo, 2. 

much, multus, a, um, adv., mult, mul- 
tum. 

multitude, mz/titudd, inis, f. 

my, meus, a, um. 


N 


naked, nudus, a, um, 
name, 20men, inis, n. 
Nantuates, Naztuates, um, m. pl. 
narrow, augustus, a, um, 
nation, 7a7i0, Onis, f. 
nature, zatura, ae, f. 
naval, zavaizs, e. 

near, prope, ad, w. Acc. 
nearest, proximus, a, um. 
nearly, prope, paene. 
necessary, ”ecesse, indec. 


neighboring, /initimus, a, um. 


278 


neighbors, /ivitimi, drum, m. pl. 

neither . . . nor, vegue ... neque. 

Nervii, Nervi, drum, m. pl. 

net, 7é/e, zs, n. 

never, zunguam. 

nevertheless, samen, 

new, ”ovus, a, um, 

night, by, zoctu. 

ninth, zdnus, a, um, 

no, 20m, w. verb repeated; no (one), 
nobody, zu#dlus, a, um; nemo, Dat. 
nemini, 

nobility, 0dilitas, atis, f. 

not, 70; not to, v2, w. Subj.; not yet, 
nondum, 

nothing, zz/, indec. 

Noviodunum, NVoviodinum, i, n. 

number, zumerus,z,m.; multitudd, inis, f. 


0 

Oar, remus, Zz, m. 

occupy, occupo, I. 

Octodurus, Octodiurus, i, m. 

of, sign of Gen.; dé, w. Abl, 

often, saepe. 

on, 7z, w. Abl. 

once, guoudam ; at once, statim. 

one, “zus, a, um (593); one... another, 
alius...alius; the one... the other, 
alter ... alter; to one another, izzer 
sé, 

open, afertus, a, um; lay open, patefa- 
cio, ere, fect, factus. 

or, az. 

order (rank), 0rd, inis m.; mandatum, 
2,n.; in order to, w¢, w. Subj. 

order, iavbed, @re, iussi, zussus (w. Inf.); 

wmpero, I (w. Subj. usually). 

Orgetorix, Orgetorix, igis, m. 

other, a/ius, a, ud (593); other side of, 
on the, “rans, w. Acc.; ultra, w. Acc. 

ought, déded, 2; 2nd Periphr. Conj. 
(537) 

our, zoster, tra, trum; our men, Z“os?ri, 
orum, m. pl. 

out of, 2, ex, w. Abi. 

outcry, clamor, oris, m. 

over, zz, w. Abl. 

overcome, vizcd, ere, vic, victus; supero, 
z, 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


own, his, svus, a, um, 
ox, 40s, dovis, m. 


e 

pace, passus, us, mM. 

pardon, zg70scd, ere, novi, notus,w. Dat. 

part, pars, partis, f. 

pass by, praetered, ire, tz, rtus. 

passionate, iracundus, a, um, 

peace, pax, pacts, f. 

people, Jopulus, z, m. 

perish, fered, ire, tt, iturus. 

persuade, persuaded, ere, sudsi, suasus 
(w. Dat.). 

pick up, conligd, ere, légi, lectus; tollo, 
ere, sustuli, sublatus, 

pillar, columna, ae, f. 

pitch, 2070, ere, posuz, positus. 

pity, mzserésco, ere,—, —. 

place, /ocus,z,m.; pl., loca, drum, n. 

place, £00, ere, posuz, positus; statud, 
ere, ut, utus; conloco, 1. 

plain, campus, 2, m. 

plan, consilium, 2, n. 

pleasure, voluptis, atis, f. 

poisoned, venénatus, a, um. 

power, royal, régnum, 2, n. 

powerful, potéens, entis. 

praise, /audo, 1. 

precious, carus, a, um. 

prefer, mal0, malle, malui, — (619 seq.). 

prepare, aro, 1; comparo, I. 

present, be, adsum, esse, fut, futurus 
(615). 

pretend, siuo, 1. 

pride, spzrztus, us, m. 

priest, high, pont:fex, zcis, m. 

private, privatus, a, um. 

proceed, procédd, ere, cessi, cessus; pro- 
ceed a march, iter procedd, 3. 

Procillus, C. Valerius Procillus, C. Valeri 
Procilli, m. 

proclaim, zéntid, 1; praedico, i. 

prolong, perduco, ere, duxi, ductus. 

property, all their, sva ommia, n. pl. 

protection, Araeszdium, 2, n. 

provide, comparo, I. 

province, provincia, ae, f. 

provisions, cdpiae, arum, f. pl.; comme- 
atus, 4S, ™M, 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


provoke, /acess0, ere, tvi, itus, 

prudence, prudentia, ae, f. 

prudently, prudenter, 

pupil, dzscipulus, 2, m. 

purchase, ed, ere, émi, émptus. 

purpose of, for the, ad, w. Acc. of gerun- 
dive, 

pursue, zzsequor, i, cutus sum (814). 

push up, ago, ere, égi, actus. 


Q 


quarters, fartes, ium, f. pl.; winter 
quarters, A2berna, drum, n. pl. 

queen, végina, ae, f. 

quickly, celeriter. 

quickness, celeri¢as, atis, f. 


R 


rampart, vad/um, 7, n. 

ravage, vasto, I. 

reach, attingo, ere, tigi, tactus, 

read, /ego, ere, légi, lectus. 

ready, pardatus, a, um. 

reason, causa, ae, f.; for this reason, gua 
dé causa, . 

receive, accipid, ere, cépi, ceptus. 

‘recently, zuper ; most recently, proxime, 

recover, vreciperd, I. 

redoubt, castel/um, i, n. 

reduce, redigo, ere, ég2, actus, 

refrain from, superseded, ére, sedi, sessus, 

refuse, reciisd, I. 

regard to, in, dé, w. Abl. 

rejoice, cauded, ére, gavisus sum (320). 

remain, maneo, ere, manst, sus. 

Remi, 27, drum, m. pl. 

render, reddod, ere, didi, ditus. 

renew, 7e7o0v0, I. 

reply, responded, ere, spondi, sponsus, 

repulse, vepell0, ere, reppuli, repulsus. 

respects, in all, omnibus rebus, Abl. pl. 

rest of, rediguus, a, um. 

retain, refined, ere, ui, tentus. 

return, rede, ire, 72, zturas ; revertor, 2, 
versus sum, 

revenue, vectigal, alis, n. 

revile, maledico, ere, dixt?, 
Dat. 

reward, praemium, 2, n. 


dictus, Ww. 





279 


Rhine, RAénus, 7, m. 

Rhone, Rhodanus, 2, m. 

ride, pass. of vehd, ere, vexi, vectus; ride 
towards, adequito, i. 

right of way, z¢er, i¢ineris, n. 

ripe, maturus, a, um. 

river, fumen, inis,n.; river bank, vipa, 
ae, f. 

road, via, ae, f.; iter, itineris, n. 

rock, rupés, zs, f. 

Roman, Romanus, a, um. 

Rome, Roma, ae, f. 

royal power, ~égnum, i, n. 

rumor, 7“Zmor, Oris, m, 

run down, décurro, ere, cucurri or curri, 
cursus. 

tush against, concurrd, ere, cucurri or 
Curri, CursUus, 


Ss 


Sabinus, Sadinus, z, m. 

Sacred, sacer, cra, crum, 

Sacrifice, sacrifico, 1. 

safe, zxcolumis, e; tutus, a, um, 

safety, salus, utis, f. 

Sail, zavigo, I. 

sailor, zau/a, ae, m, 

Sally, éruptio, onis, f. 

same, zdem, eadem, idem (296). 

Save, servo, I. 

say, dico, ere, dixt, dictus; says he, 
inguit, placed in the midst of a direct 
quotation, 

scarcity, zxopia, ae, {. 

scout, explorator, ris, m. 

sea, mare, 7s, n. 

second, secundus, a, um. 

secretly, clam, 

see, vided, ere, vidi, visus, 

seek, pero, ere, zvi, ztus, 

seize, occupo, I. 

Select, dé/igod, ere, léegi, lectus, 

self, ifse, a, um (intensive) (599) ; sui 
(reflexive) (597). 

senate, sezdatus, us, m. 

send, mittd, ere, mist, missus; send for- 
ward, praemitto, 3. 

separate, dividd, ere, visi, visus. 

Sequani, Séguani, drum, m. pl. 

serpent, serpéns, entis, m. or f, 


280 


set on fire, izcendd, ere, di, census; set 
out, proficiscor, 2, fectus sum, 

settle, considd, ere, sedi, sessus. 

seven, septemz, indec, 

seventh, septimus, a, um, 

severely, graviter. 

shed, vinea, ae, f. 

shield, scztum, z, n. 

short, drevis, e. 

shout, clamor, Oris, m. 

shower, zmdéer, dbris, m. 

side, Zatus, eris, n.; on the other side, 
trans or ultra, w. Acc.; on this side, 
cis or citra, w. Acc. 

Sight, conspectus, us, mM. 

Signal, stgnificatio, Onis, f.; stgnum, i, n. 

since, cum, w. subj.; Abl. abs. 

six, sex, indec. 

six hundred, séscenti, ae, a. 

sixth, sexfus, a, um. 

size, magnitudd, inis, f. 

skiff, zavicu/da, ae, f. 

slight, parvulus, a, um. 

Slinger, funditor, oris, m. 

Slope, verg0, ere, —, —. 

small, darvus, a, um. 

snatch away, éripid, ere, ui, reptus, 

snow, 22x, zivis, f. 

SO, z/a, tam; So great, tantus, a, um, 

soldier, mi/es, itis, m. 

some (one), aliguis, gua, guid (quod) 
(602); some ... others, a/iz... 
alit (593); some in one direction, 
some in another, a/iz aliam in partem. 

son, fz/ius, 2, m. 

soon, “ox; aS soon as, simul atque or 
ac; cum primum, 

sour, acerbus, a, um. 

space, spatium, 2, n.; space of three 
days, ¢riduum, 7, n.; space of two 
days, dzduum, 7, n. 

Spain, Hispania, ae, f. 

Spare, farco, ere, peperci, parsus, w. 
Dat. 

speak, Joguor, 2, cutus sum; dico, ere, 
dixt, dictus. 

speed, celeritas, atis, f. 

stag, cervus, 7, m. 

standard, sigzum, 2, n. 

standard bearer, signifer, erz, m. 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


state, c7vitas, atis, f. 

station, statud, ere, ui, utus. 

still, zamen. 

sting, punctus, us, mM. 

stone, /afis, idis, m. 

storm, ofpugnd, 1." 

story, fadula, ae, f. 

strength, vis (vis), f.; with 
strength, zxtegris viribus. 

such a, /a/is, e. 

sudden, suditus, a, um. 

suddenly, szdito. 

Suessiones, Suessidnés, um, m. pl. 

suffer, patior,i, passus sum (814) ; doled, 
ere, ui, iturus; ferd, ferre, tuli, latus, 

suitable, zddneus, a, um. 

summer, aesfas, atis, f.; in the begin- 
ning of summer, ivita aestate. 

summit, vertex, icis, m. 

summon, arcessd, ere, 7vi, itus, 

sun, s0/, is, m.; Aélios, z, m. 

sunset, sd/is occasus, us,m.; at sunset, 
sub occasa solis. 

suppliant, supplex, icis, m. and f. 

supplies from home, és domesticae, f. pl. 

supply, cdpia, ae, f. 

surpass, saperd, I. 

surrender, déditio, dnis, f. 

surrender, ¢radd, ere, didi, ditus. 

Survive, supersum, esse, fui, futurus 
(615 seq.). 

sweet, du/cis, e. 

swiftly, celeriter. 

swiftness, celeritas, atis, f. 

sword, eladius, z,m. 


fresh 


T 


take, capid, ere, cépi, captus; take lL. 
assault or storm, expugnd, I. 

teach, doced, ére, ui, tus. 

tear in pieces, /anzd, I. 

tell, zarrd, 1; dicd, ere, dixt, dictus. 

temple, Zemplum, 2, n. 

ten, decem, indec. 

tenth; decimus, a, um. 

terms, condicid, dnis, f. 

terrify, ‘erred, 2; terrify greatly or 
thoroughly, perterred, 2. 

territory, /2és, zum, m. pl. 


ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 


than, gvam,; Abl. after comp. 

that, zs, ea, id (598); zlle, a, ud (599) ; 
(rel.), guz, guae, guod; that, in order 
that, so that, wt; that not, é, ut 


non; but that, that, quiz; that 
(after verbs of ‘fearing), xé. 
their, suus, a, um (reflexive); edrum, 


arum, drum, Gen. pl. of is (598). 

themselves. See self. 

then, zum. 

there (adv.), 242; (expletive) not trans- 
lated, 

therefore, ttague, guaré, qua dé causa, 

they, 77/7, ae, a (599) ; 22, eae, ea (598). 

thing, és, rez, f. 

think, arditror, Gri, atus sum (814). 

third, ¢ertius, a, um. 

this, Aic, haec, hdc (598). 

threaten, minitor, ari, atus sum (814). 

three, ¢rés, tria, 

through, per, w. Acc, 

throw, acid, ere, técz, cactus ; ae into, 
inicio, ere, tect, tectus. 

thus, z/a. 

Tigurinus, 7igurinus, z, m, 

time, tempus, oris, n. 

timid, ¢imidus, a, um. 

to, sign of Dat.; ad, w. Acc.; sign of 
subj. of purpose. 

too, comp. of adj. or adv. 

top, vertex, icis, m.; top of, summus, a, 
um (237). 

toward (towards), ad, w. Acc, 

tower, ¢urris, is, f. 

town, oppidum, 7, n. 

train, exerced, 2. 

transport, ¢radico, ere, 
transporto, 1. 

tribune, ¢ridinus, 7, m. 

triple, ¢riplex, plicis. 

troops, cdpiae, arum, f. pl. 

trouble, zegotium, 7, n. 

trust firmly, con/fidd, ere, fisus sum 
(820). 

try, conor, ari, atus sum (814). 

tumult, zwmultus, as, m. : 

turn aside, avertd, ere, verti, versus. 

turned away, daversus, a, um, 

twelve, duodecim, indec. 

twig, vircula, ae, f. 


duxi, ductus; 





281 


two, duo, ae, o. 
two-headed, diceps, ipitis. 
two hundred, ducenti, ae, a. 


U 


unarmed, zzermis, e. 

under, szé., w. Acc. or Abl. 

undertake, conor, ari, Gtus sum (814). 

undertaking, cOndtus, us, m, 

Unelli, Unelli, drum, m. pl. 

unfriendly, izimicus, a, um, 

unhappy, ser, era, erum, 

unlike, dissimi/is, e. 

until, zsgue ad, w. Acc. 

unwilling, be, 20/0, nolle, nolui, —. 

unworthy, ¢xdignus, a, um. 

upon, zz, w. Acc, and Abl.; 
Acc, and Abl. 

urge on, zzczZo, I. 

use, #suzs, #5, ™M. 

use, éfor, 2, asus sum, w. Abl. (814). 


super, W. 


Vv 

vain, in, frustra. 
valor, virtis, utis, f. 
value, of less, dé¢erior, ius. 
vast, vastus, a, um. 
Veneti, Veneti, drum, m. pl. 
very, adj. or adv. in superl. 
Vesontio, Vesontio, Onis, m,. 
victory, victoria, ae, f. 
village, vicus, 7, m. 
vine, v2¢zs, zs, f. 
violently, vehementer. 
visit, vis0, ere, vist, visus; aded, ire, ii, 

itus. 
voice, vox, vocis, f. 


w 


wage, vero, ere, gesst, gestus; Wage war, 
bello, i. 
wall, mé#rus,z,m.; vallum, 2, n. 


.| war, del/um, 2, n. 


warlike, deliicdsus, a, um, 
waln, moned, 2. 

waste, lay, vaszd, I. 
watch, vigilia, ae, f. 
water, agua, ae, f. 


282 


way, via, ae, f.; iter, itineris, n. 

weapon, ¢é/um, 2, n. 

weep, fled, ére, évt, étus. 

weeping, fétus, us, m. 

well, dene, adv. 

what (rel.), guz, guae, guod (600); (in- 
ter.), guis, quae, guid (601). 

when (rel. and inter.), cum, ud. 

whence, unde. 

where (rel. and inter.), «2, gud. 

which (rel.), guz, guae, guod (600); 
(inter.), guts, guae, guid (601). 

while, dum. 

who, gui, guae; guis, quae. 

whole, d¢us, a, um (593). 

whose, cu#ius,s.; quorum, quarum, quo- 
rum, pl. (600). 

why, cur, guare, qua dé causa, 

wicked, zmprobus, a, um, 

wide, /atus, a, um. 

width, /azitudd, inis, f. 

wife, wxor, Oris, f. 

wild beast, era, ae, f. 

willing, be, vold, velle, volui, — (619 
seq.). 

willingly, Zidenter. 

wine, vizum, i, n. 

wing, cornu, us, n. 

winter, Ziems, emis, f.; in time of win- 
ter, Aiemis tempore. 





THE BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK 


winter, 2zemd, 1. 

winter quarters, A2derna, drum, n. pl. 

wise, sapiéns, entis. 

wish, vo/d, velle, voluz, — (619 seq.). 

with, cum, w. Abl. 

withdraw, discedd, ere, cessi, cessus; con- 
cédd, 3. 

within, zztra, w. Acc.; sign of Abl. of 
time; adv., cmtus. 

without, size, w. Abl. 

witness, Zestis, is, m. and f, 

wolf, Zupus, z, m. 

woman, mz/ier, eris, f. 

wonder at, miror, ari, atus sum (314). 

wonderful, mirus, a, um. 

wont, be, consuéscd, exe, suévi, suétus ; 
soled, ére, itus sum (820). 

woods, sz/va, ae, f. 

work, opus, eris,n.; labor, oris, m. 

worthy, diguus, a, um, w. Abl, 

would that, wtizam, w. Subj. 

wound, vu/nus, eris, n. 

wound, valnerd, 1. 

wretched, mtser, era, erum. 


¥. 
year, annus, 2, m. 
yes. See 97. 
you, 7z(s) (596); vos (pl.). 
your, ‘uus,a,um,s.; vester, tra, trum, pl. 


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